Suchen und Finden
Justice in Funding Adaptation under the International Climate Change Regime
von: Marco Grasso
Springer-Verlag, 2009
ISBN: 9789048134397 , 184 Seiten
Format: PDF, OL
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 96,29 EUR
Acknowledgments
5
Contents
6
1 Introduction
11
1.1 Justice and Climate Change
12
1.2 Aims of the Book
16
1.3 Outline of the Book
18
References
20
2 Adaptation to Climate Change
21
2.1 The Prominent Role of Mitigation
21
2.2 Integrating Mitigation and Adaptation
23
2.3 The Importance of Adaptation
25
2.4 The Notion of Adaptation
26
2.5 Vulnerability
30
2.6 Adaptive Capacity
32
2.7 Adaptation in Practice
33
References
37
3 The Ethical Bases of International Adaptation Funding
39
3.1 From Justice to Theories of Justice
41
3.2 The Scope of Distributive Justice
45
3.3 The International Span of Justice
47
3.4 The States Responsibility in the Liberal Perspective
51
3.5 The States Social Vulnerability in the Liberal Perspective
54
3.6 Other Justifications of the Statist Perspective
56
3.7 The Extension of Liberal Theories of Justice to Adaptation Funding
57
References
61
4 The Framework of Justice
63
4.1 Fair Process Involving All Relevant Parties
63
4.2 Responsibility for Climate Impacts As an Ethical Basis for Raising Funds
65
4.3 Social Vulnerability to Climate Impacts as an Ethical Reference for Allocating Funds
68
4.4 Liberalism and the Environment
70
4.5 Fair Adaptation Funding: Inclusion, Specification and Commitment
71
4.6 Sharing the Burden of Adaptation: Differentiated Historical Responsibility
73
4.7 Allocating Raised Adaptation Funds: Lack of Human Security
76
References
79
5 The International Institutions and Instruments Governing Adaptation Funding
81
5.1 Funding Adaptation: Rationale
82
5.2 Funding Adaptation: Options
83
5.3 Funding Adaptation in the Convention and Kyoto Protocol
84
5.4 The GEF
87
5.5 The Sources of Funding
89
5.5.1 The GEF Trust Fund
89
5.5.2 The Special Climate Change Fund
90
5.5.3 The Least Developed Countries Fund
90
5.5.4 The Adaptation Fund
91
5.6 Problems and Challenges of Adaptation Funding Under the UNFCCC Regime
92
5.7 Funding Adaptation Outside the UNFCCC Regime: Significant Practices
96
References
98
6 Evaluation of Procedural Justice in International Adaptation Funding
99
6.1 Principal Documents: Convention and Kyoto Protocol
102
6.1.1 Recognition: Inclusion of All Countries
104
6.1.2 Participation: Possibility to Specify the Terms of Participation
104
6.1.3 Distribution of Power: Commitment to Assistance from Richer to Poorer
104
6.2 Other Principal Documents
105
6.2.1 The Berlin Mandate
105
6.2.2 The Buenos Aires Plan of Action
105
6.2.3 Beijing Declaration of the Second GEF Assembly
105
6.2.4 The Delhi Ministerial Declaration on Climate Change and Sustainable Development
106
6.2.5 The Bali Action Plan
106
6.3 Governance Structures, Procedures and Practices
106
6.4 UNFCCC Institutions
108
6.4.1 The Conference of the Parties
108
6.4.2 The Subsidiary Body for Implementation
109
6.4.3 Consultative Group of Experts and Least Developed Countries Expert Group
110
6.5 The GEF
111
6.6 The Importance of the Adaptation Fund and its Governance Structure
113
6.7 Observation of Meetings on the (Governance of the) AF: Failure (SBI 24) and Success (SBI 25, COP/MOP 2)
116
6.7.1 The Failure: SBI 24
116
6.7.1.1 SBI 24 First Meeting -- Plenary 18/05/06
116
6.7.1.2 SBI 24 Third Meeting -- Plenary 19/05/06
118
6.7.1.3 SBI 24 Fifth Meeting -- Plenary 25/05/06
120
Box 6.1 SBI 24, Agenda item 6: Financial mechanism (Kyoto Protocol): Adaptation Fund. Paragraph 3 of Draft conclusion proposed by the Chair (FCCC/SBI/2006/L.18) (in brackets and bold the word all requested by the G77 and China)
116
Adaptation Fund
120
Draft conclusions proposed by the Chair
120
6.7.2 The Success: SBI 25 and COP/MOP 2
122
6.7.2.1 SBI 25 Third Meeting -- Plenary 8/11/06
123
6.7.2.2 SBI 25 Fourth Meeting -- Plenary 14/11/06
125
6.7.2.3 COP/MOP 2 Tenth Meeting -- Plenary 17/11/06
126
6.7.3 Final Considerations
127
References
127
7 Evaluation of Distributive Justice, Analysis of Fairness and Equity Criteria and of the Role of Justice in International Adaptation Funding
129
7.1 Principal Documents: Convention and Kyoto Protocol
129
7.1.1 Equality and Difference: Differentiated Historical Responsibility
130
7.1.2 Basic Capability Equality: Lack of Human Security
131
7.2 Other Principal Documents
132
7.2.1 The Berlin Mandate
132
7.2.2 The Buenos Aires Plan of Action
132
7.2.3 The Bali Action Plan
132
7.3 Observation of Meetings on the (Governance of the) AF: Failure (SBI 24) and Success (SBI 25, COP/MOP 2)
132
7.3.1 The Failure: SBI 24
133
7.3.1.1 SBI 24 First Meeting -- Plenary 18/05/06
133
7.3.1.2 SBI 24 Third Meeting -- Plenary 19/05/06
133
7.3.1.3 SBI 24 Fifth Meeting -- Plenary 25/05/06
134
7.3.2 The Success: SBI 25, COP/MOP 2
134
7.3.2.1 SBI 25 Third Meeting -- Plenary 8/11/06
134
7.3.2.2 SBI 25 Fourth Meeting -- Plenary 14/11/06
134
7.3.2.3 COP/MOP 2 Tenth Meeting -- Plenary 17/11/06
135
7.3.3 Final Considerations
135
7.4 Fairness and Equity Criteria in Documents
135
7.5 Fairness Criteria in Governance Systems
137
7.6 Fairness and Equity Criteria in Formal Adaptation Fund Meetings
138
7.7 Some Final Considerations on Justice in International Adaptation Funding
140
References
142
8 Further Application of the Framework of Justice and Concluding Remarks
143
8.1 Evaluation of Post-Kyoto Adaptation Funding Proposals
143
8.2 Conventional Funding: Budgetary Contributions
146
8.2.1 +0.5% GNP from Annex I Parties
146
8.2.2 Adaptation Finance Index
147
8.2.3 Climate Change Fund
147
8.2.4 Models Based on Existing Precedents: Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria -- Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol
147
8.2.5 Multilateral Financial Structure for Climate Change
148
8.3 Unconventional Funding: Contributions Raised Through Market-Based Instruments, Taxes, and Levies
148
8.3.1 Carbon-Gold
148
8.3.2 Financing Adaptation by Auctioning
149
8.3.3 Global Carbon Adaptation Tax
149
8.3.4 Greenhouse Development Rights
150
8.3.5 Insurance Instruments for Adapting to Climate Risks
150
8.3.6 International Air Passenger Adaptation Levy
151
8.3.7 International Climate Change Adaptation and National Security Fund
151
8.4 Hybrid Funding: Conventional and Unconventional Contributions
151
8.4.1 Convention Adaptation Fund
151
8.4.2 Indian Financing Architecture
152
8.4.3 Integral Financial Mechanism for Living Well
152
8.4.4 International Blueprint on Adaptation
153
8.4.5 Sao Paulo Proposal
153
8.4.6 World Climate Change Fund (Green Fund)
153
8.5 Some Final Reflections on Justice in the Post-Kyoto Architectures
154
8.6 Main Contributions of the Book
155
8.7 Policy Ideas
158
References
160
Appendix A List of Non-Principal Documents
161
Appendix B Analysis of Documents (Procedural Justice)
164
B.1 Guidance to the Financial Mechanism
164
B.1.1 Recognition: Inclusion of All Countries
147
B.1.2 Participation: Possibility to Specify the Terms of Participation
148
B.1.3 Distribution of Power: Commitment to Assistance from Richer to Poorer Countries
167
B.2 Review of the Financial Mechanism
167
B.2.1 Recognition: Inclusion of All Countries
149
B.2.2 Participation: Possibility to Specify the Terms of Participation
149
B.2.3 Distribution of Power: Commitment to Assistance from Richer to Poorer
150
B.3 The Special Climate Change Fund
170
B.3.1 Recognition: Inclusion of All Countries
151
B.3.2 Participation: Possibility to Specify the Terms of Participation
151
B.3.3 Distribution of Power: Commitment to Assistance from Richer to Poorer
173
B.4 The Least Developed Countries Fund
174
B.4.1 Recognition: Inclusion of All Countries
152
B.4.2 Participation: Possibility to Specify the Terms of Participation
152
B.4.3 Distribution of Power: Commitment to Assistance from Richer to Poorer
153
B.5 The Adaptation Fund
176
B.5.1 Recognition: Inclusion of All Countries
153
B.5.2 Participation: Possibility to Specify the Terms of Participation
177
B.5.3 Distribution of Power: Commitment to Assistance from Richer to Poorer
178
Appendix C Analysis of Documents (Distributive Justice)
179
C.1 Guidance to the Financial Mechanism
179
C.1.1 Equality and Difference: Differentiated Historical Responsibility
179
C.1.2 Basic Capability Equality: Lack of Human Security
179
C.2 Review of the Financial Mechanism
180
C.2.1 Equality and Difference: Differentiated Historical Responsibility
180
C.2.2 Basic Capability Equality: Lack of Human Security
180
C.3 The Special Climate Change Fund
181
C.3.1 Equality and Difference: Differentiated Historical Responsibility
181
C.3.2 Basic Capability Equality: Lack of Human Security
181
C.4 The Least Developed Countries Fund
181
C.4.1 Equality and Difference: Differentiated Historical Responsibility
181
C.4.2 Basic Capability Equality: Lack of Human Security
181
C.5 The Adaptation Fund
181
C.5.1 Equality and Difference: Differentiated Historical Responsibility
182
C.5.2 Basic Capability Equality: Lack of Human Security
182
Glossary
183
Index
186
Alle Preise verstehen sich inklusive der gesetzlichen MwSt.