Suchen und Finden
Mast Cells and Basophils
von: Gianni Marone, Lawrence M. Lichtenstein, Federica J. Galli
Elsevier Trade Monographs, 2000
ISBN: 9780080535852 , 707 Seiten
Format: PDF, ePUB, OL
Kopierschutz: DRM
Preis: 149,00 EUR
Front Cover
1
Mast Cells and Basophils
4
Copyright Page
5
Contents
8
Contributors
20
Preface
26
Acknowledgements
28
SECTION ONE: DEVELOPMENT OF MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILS
30
Chapter 1. Regulation of Mast Cell and Basophil Development by Stem Cell Factor and Interleukin-3
32
Introduction
32
SCF a Ligand for the c-kit Receptor
33
Multiple Effects of SCF in Mast Cell Biology
34
SCF can Regulate Mast Cell Function In Vitro and In Vivo
36
Interleukin-3
38
Using IL-3 -/- Mice to Assess the Role of IL-3 in Mast Cell and Basophil Development
39
Summary
42
Acknowledgements
43
References
43
Chapter 2. Gain-of-function Mutations of c-kit in Human Diseases
50
Introduction
50
Loss-of-function Mutation of c-kit
50
Stomach Lesions of W/W' and Sl/Sld Mice
52
Gain-of-function Mutation of c-kit in Mast Cell Neoplasms
52
Sporadic Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours
54
Familial GIST
55
Conclusion
56
References
56
Chapter 3. Modulation of Mast Cell Development from Embryonic Haematopoietic Progenitors by Eotaxin
60
Chemokines and their Receptors Play Diverse Roles as Mediators of Inflammation
60
Chemokines Participate in Multiple Mast Cell and Basophil Functions
61
Chemokine Secretion by Mast Cells
64
Eotaxin
65
Results
66
Discussion
69
References
73
Chapter 4. Regulation and Dysregulation of Mast Cell Survival and Apoptosis
80
Introduction
80
Regulation of Mast Cell Survival and Apoptosis by Growth Factors
81
Regulation of Mast Cell Survival and Apoptosis by Death Receptors
83
Regulation of Mast Cell Survival and Apoptosis by Perforin, Nitric Oxide and Bacterial Toxins
85
Regulation of Mast Cell Survival and Apoptosis by Irradiation and Chemical Agents
86
Perspective: Apoptosis and Mast Cell Disease
86
References
87
SECTION TWO: PHENOTYPIC AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILS
90
Chapter 5. Ultrastructural Features of Human Basophil and Mast Cell Secretory Function
92
Introduction
92
Mechanism(s) of Histamine and CLC-P Secretion from Human Basophils, of Histamine Secretion from Human Mast Cells In Vitro and of TNF-a and Chymase Secretion from Rat Peritoneal Cells
94
Histamine Secretion from Human Mast Cells In Vivo
101
Heparin Secretion from Human Mast Cells In Vitro
104
The Vesiculovacuolar Organelle, a New Endothelial Permeability Structure
107
Acknowledgements
112
References
112
Chapter 6. Human Dendritic Mast Cells
118
Introduction
118
The Morphology of Human Dendritic Mast Cells
118
Functional Aspects and Future Lines of Research
122
Concluding Remarks
123
References
123
Chapter 7. The Phenotypic Similarities and Differences Between Human Basophils and Mast Cells
126
Introduction
126
Morphology
127
Membrane Receptors
127
Cytoplasmic Contents
130
Mast Cell Phenotypes in Tissues
133
The Involvement of Mast Cells and Basophils in Asthma and Drug Reactions
134
Acknowledgements
136
References
136
Chapter 8. Interactions Between Nerves and Mast Cells in Amphibians
146
Introduction
146
Morphology of Frog Mast Cells
146
Frog Mast Cells and Peripheral Nervous System
149
Occurrence of Mast Cells in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems of Mammals
156
Concluding Remarks
156
References
157
SECTION THREE: SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILS
160
Chapter 9. Sequential Protein Kinase Activation and the Regulation of Mast Cell Cytokine Production
162
Introduction
162
Signalling Through Mast Cell Surface Receptors
162
MAPK Family Members
164
Transcriptional Regulation of TNF-a Production
167
Stem Cell Factor Receptor (c-kit)
168
Differentiation Signalling and Function of Mast Cells Derived from Bone Marrow and Embryonic Stem Cells
170
Identification of a Critical Role for MEKK2 in JNK Activation and Cytokine Production
171
Summary
171
Acknowledgements
172
References
173
Chapter 10. FceRI-mediated Induction of TNF-a Gene Expression in Mast Cell Lines
178
Introduction
178
Chromosomal Location and Gene Structure of TNF-a
179
Regulation of TNF-a Gene Expression in Non-mast Cell Lines
181
FceRI-dependent Regulation of TNF-a Production
184
Concluding Remarks
189
References
191
Chapter 11. Regulation of Mast Cell Degranulation by SHIP
198
Introduction
198
Structure and Binding Partners of SHIP
199
Biological Properties of SHIP
200
Properties of the SHIP Knockout Mouse
201
The Role of SHIP in FceRI-induced Degranulation of Mast Cells
202
The Role of SHIP in Steel Factor-induced Signalling in Mast Cells
204
The Role of SHIP in Thapsigargin-induced Signalling in Mast Cells
205
A Model of IgE-induced Degranulation
206
Major Questions Remaining
207
Summary and Conclusions
208
Acknowledgements
208
References
208
SECTION FOUR: REGULATION OF MAST CELL AND BASOPHIL SIGNALLING AND SECRETION
212
Chapter 12. Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Inhibition Motif-dependent Negative Regulation of Mast Cell Activation and Proliferation
214
Introduction
214
SIRP-a can Negatively Regulate FceRI-dependent Mast Cell Activation
216
Fc.RIIB can Negatively Regulate c-kit-dependent Mast Call Proliferation
217
Conclusion
218
Acknowledgements
219
References
219
Chapter 13. Perspectives on the Regulation of Secretion from Human Basophils and Mast Cells
224
Introduction
224
Regulation of FceRI Expression
224
Desensitization
227
Modification of Basophil Function by IL-3
230
Summary
233
References
233
Chapter 14. Interactions between Secretory IgA and Human Basophils
238
Introduction
238
Structure and Metabolism of sIgA
239
Pathophysiology of sIgA
241
sIgA-mediated Basophil Activation
241
Receptors for sIgA
243
Clinical Relevance of sIgA-mediated Basophil Activation
245
Concluding Remarks
246
Acknowledgements
246
References
246
Chapter 15. Regulation of Mast Cell Secretion by Interferon-.and Nitric Oxide
250
Introduction
250
Interferon and Mast Cells
250
Do Mast Cells Produce Interferon-.?
253
Nitric Oxide and Nitric Oxide Synthases
253
Nitric Oxide Effects on Mast Cells
254
Do Mast Cells Produce Nitric Oxide?
255
How does Nitric Oxide Regulate Mast Cells?
256
Nitric Oxide and Mast Cells In Vivo-Clinical Implications Conclusion: Mast Cells, Interferon-y and Nitric Oxide in Cell Interactions and Disease
257
Conclusion: Mast Cells, Interferon-. and Nitric Oxide in Cell Interactions and Disease
258
Acknowledgements
259
References
259
SECTION FIVE: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MAST CELL PROTEASES
262
Chapter 16. Human and Mouse Mast Cell Tryptases
264
Introduction
264
Identification and Cloning of Human Tryptase Genes
265
Identification and Cloning of Mouse Tryptase Genes
266
Biochemical Features of Human and Mouse Tryptases
267
Expression of Mouse and Human Tryptases in Cells and Tissues
271
Function of Human and Mouse Tryptases
273
Tryptase Metabolism
276
Concluding Remarks
277
References
278
Chapter 17. Expression, Function and Regulation of Mast Cell Granule Chymases During Mucosal Allergic Responses
286
Introduction
286
Investigating the Response of mMCP-1-/-Mice to Gastrointestinal Nematodes
287
Regulation of the Expression of mMCP- 1 in mBMMC
292
Discussion
297
Acknowledgements
300
References
300
Chapter 18. Structure and Function of Human Chymase
304
Introduction
304
General Properties
304
X-ray Crystal Structure of rHC
308
The Extended Substrate-binding Site of Human Chymase
310
Modelling of the Human Chymase-angiotensin I Interaction
312
Summary
315
Acknowledgements
316
References
316
Chapter 19. Structure and Function of Human Mast Cell Tryptase
320
Introduction
320
Distribution and Secretion in Disease
320
Structure and Physicochemical Properties
323
Non-human Tryptases
324
Regulation of Tryptase Activity
325
Peptide Substrates
325
Protein Substrates
326
Actions on Cells and Tissues
327
Cellular Receptors for Tryptase
329
Tryptase as a Therapeutic Target
330
Acknowledgements
331
References
331
SECTION SIX: NERVE-MAST CELL INTERACTIONS: PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
340
Chapter 20. Mast Cell–Nerve Interactions: Possible Significance of Nerve Growth Factor
342
Evidence for Mast Cell–Nerve Interactions
343
Possible Role of NGF
346
Acknowledgement
349
References
349
Chapter 21. Nerve Growth Factor, Mast Cells and Allergic Inflammation
354
Nerve Growth Factor: Early Discovery and Emerging Data
354
NGF and the Nervous System
355
NGF and the Endocrine System
356
NGF and the Immune System
356
NGF and Mast Cells
357
NGF and Inflammation
360
NGF and Allergic Responses
361
Behavioural Influence on NGF Levels and Allergic Responses
363
Possible Future Directions
364
Acknowledgements
365
References
365
Chapter 22. Interactions Between Neurotrophins and Mast Cells
370
Definition and Basic Aspects of Neurotrophins
370
Mast Cells as a Source of Neurotrophic Factors
372
Effects of Neurotrophins on Mast Cells
372
Evidence that NGF is also a Human Mast Cell Growth Factor
373
Neurotrophin Receptors on Mast Cells
376
Clinical Findings Suggesting Mast Cell and Neurotrophin Activity
377
Mast Cells and Neurotrophins: Open Issues
378
Acknowledgement
379
References
379
Chapter 23. Modulation of Peripheral Neurotransmission Associated with Mast Cell Activation
384
Sensory (Afferent) Nervous System
385
Enteric Nervous System
388
Sympathetic Nervous System
389
Parasympathetic Nervous System
390
Summary
391
References
393
Chapter 24. Regulation of Gastrointestinal Mucin Production by Nerve–Mast Cell Interactions
396
Introduction
396
Neuronal Mediation of Mucin Secretion
397
Effects of Stress on Colonic Mucin and Prostaglandin Release
397
Role of Corticotropin-releasing Factor in Stress-induced Colonic Mucin Secretion
399
Neurotensin is an Important Mediator of Colonic Stress Responses
399
Mast Cells as a Major Link of Stress-mediated Mucin Secretion
400
CRF and NT as Mediators of Intestinal Mast Cell Activation During Stress
402
Clinical Implications
403
References
404
SECTION SEVEN: MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILS IN HOMEOSTASIS AND HOST DEFENCE
408
Chapter 25. Mast Cell–Enterobacteria Interactions during Infection
410
Introduction
410
Protective Role of Mast Cells Against Bacterial Infection
411
Mast Cell Phagocytosis of Bacteria
412
Molecular Basis for Mast Cell-Enterobacteria Recognition
414
Mast Cell Activation Via CD48
420
Interactions of Human Mast Cells with Enterobacteria
421
Final Thoughts
421
Acknowledgements
423
References
423
Chapter 26. Human Mast Cells and Basophils in Immune Responses to Infectious Agents
426
Introduction
426
Mast Cells in Host Defence Against Bacterial Infections
427
Mast Cells and Basophils in Helicobacterpylori Infection
428
Leukotrienes in the Defence against Bacterial and Viral Infections
428
Activation of Human Basophils and Mast Cells by Protein A
429
Activation of Human Basophils and Mast Cells by Protein L
431
Activation of Human Basophils by Pepstatin A
433
Endogenous Superallergen Protein Fv in Viral Hepatitis
435
Activation of Human Basophils and Mast Cells by HIV-1 Glycoprotein gp120
437
The 'Three Faces' of Mast Cells and Basophils in the Immune Response to Infectious Agents
439
Acknowledgements
440
References
440
Chapter 27. Differential Regulation of Mast Cell Mediator Secretion by Bacterial Products
448
Introduction
448
Receptors for Bacteria on Mast Cells
448
Selective Mast Cell Responses to Specific Bacterial Products
450
Combined Signals Alter and Enhance Mast Cell Responses
455
Bacteria- and Bacterial Product-mediated Signalling Events in Mast Cells
459
Conclusions
461
References
461
Chapter 28. The Role of Mast Cells, Basophils and Interleukin-3 (IL-3) in Immune Responses to Parasites: Studies with Mast Cell- and IL-3-Deficient Mice
468
Introduction
468
Studies of Parasite Infection in Genetically Mast Cell-deficient Mice
469
Assessing the Role of IL-3 in Host Responses to Nematodes using IL-3 -/- Mice
472
Kitw/Kit w-v, IL-3 -/- Mice Exhibit a Profound Impairment of Basophilia, Mucosal Mast Cell Development and Immunity During Infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis
474
Summary
476
Acknowledgements
478
References
478
SECTION EIGHT: MAST CELLS IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CARDIAC DISEASES
482
Chapter 29. Human Heart Mast Cells: Immunological Characterization In Situ and In Vitro
484
Introduction
484
Isolation of HHMC and their Characterization In Situ
485
Histamine, Proteolytic Enzymes and Proteoglycans Synthesized by HHMC
488
Prostaglandins and Cysteinyl Leukotrienes Synthesized De Novo by HMMC
489
Immunological and Non-immunological Stimuli that Activate HHMC In Vitro
491
Mast Cells and Regulation of Coagulation and Fibrinogenolysis
493
HHMC in Systemic and Cardiac Anaphylaxis and in Anaphylactoid Reactions
494
HHMC and Atherosclerosis
494
HHMC in Patients with Myocarditis and Hyper-eosinophilia
496
HHMC and Angiogenesis in the Heart
496
HHMC and Myocardial Ischaemia
497
HHMC in Idiopathic and Ischaemic Cardiomyopathy
497
Perspective and Conclusions
498
Acknowledgements
499
References
499
Chapter 30. Mast Cells in Atherosclerotic Human Coronary Arteries: Implications for Coronary Fatty Streak Formation, Plaque Ulceration and Control of Local Haemostatic Balance
508
Introduction
508
Atherosclerosis is a Disorder of Lipid Metabolism in the Arterial Intima with a Strong Inflammatory Component
509
Circulating Mast Cell Progenitors also find their way in to the Arterial Intima
510
Immunohistochemical Observations on Mast Cells in the Human Coronary Arterial Intima
511
Potential Mechanisms by Which Mast Cells may Play a Role in Atherogenesis
515
Conclusion and Future Directions
521
Acknowledgements
522
References
522
Chapter 31. Role of Mast Cells in Endogenous Fibrinolysis and Related (Patho)physiological Processes
526
Introduction
526
Contribution of Mast Cells to Fibrinogen Extravasation and Fibrin Formation
527
Mast Cell-dependent Fibrinolysis: Role of Tryptase and Chymase
527
The Mast Cell as Site of tPA Expression
528
Human Mast Cells Express the Urokinase Receptor (uPAR, CD87)
529
Functional Significance of MC-tPA: Mast Cells are 'Pro-fibrinolytic' Cells
529
Molecular Basis of Mast Cell Dependent Fibrinolysis: Role of Inhibitors (PAIs)
530
Fibrin-independent Plasminogen Activation
530
Clinical Significance
530
Mast Cells Accumulate at the Site of Thrombosis
531
SCF Regulates Expression and Release of tPA in Mast Cells
531
Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
532
Acknowledgement
532
References
532
Chapter 32. Mast Cells in Myocardial Ischaemia and Reperfusion
536
Introduction
536
Mast Cells in Normal Hearts
537
The Mast Cell as a Source of Cytokines
538
Mast Cell Degranulation Following Myocardial Ischaemia
540
Mast Cells in Healing Myocardial Infarcts
542
Mast Cell Precursors Infiltrate the Healing Heart
543
SCF Induction Following Myocardial Ischaemia/Reperfusion
544
Macrophages are the Main Source of SCF Following Myocardial Ischaemia
545
Potential Role of Mast Cells in Healing
546
The Mast Cell in Myocardial Ischaemia/Reperfusion: Friend or Foe?
546
Acknowledgement
547
References
547
SECTION NINE: LEUKOTRIENES, CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES IN ALLERGIC DISORDERS
552
Chapter 33. Lipid Mediators from Mast Cells and Basophils in Allergic Diseases
554
Introduction
554
Arachidonic Acid Pools in Human Mast Cells and Basophils
556
Phospholipase A 2 in Human Mast Cells and Basophils
557
Extracellular Effects of Mast Cell-derived Secretory PLA 2
558
PAF and Related Phospholipids
560
Concluding Remarks
562
Acknowledgements
562
References
563
Chapter 34. Regulation and Function of Human Intestinal Mast Cells
570
Introduction
570
Effector Functions of Human Intestinal Mast Cells
572
Regulation of Human Intestinal Mast Cell Functions
577
Clinical Implications
579
Future Directions
586
References
586
Chapter 35. Differential Regulation of Basophil Functions by Chemokines
596
Basophil Phenotype and Functions
596
Chemokines
599
Acknowledgement
604
References
604
Chapter 36. Chemokine Receptors on Human Mast Cells
608
Chemokines
608
Mast Cells
615
Chemokine Receptors on MC
617
Concluding Remarks
620
Acknowledgement
620
References
620
Chapter 37. Release and Cleavage of Stem Cell Factor by Human Mast Cells
626
Introduction
626
Stem Cell Factor Expression in Human Mast Cells
627
Stem Cell Factor-Protease Interactions
629
Biological Effects of SCF1-166 and SCF1-159 on HLMC and HSMC
631
Conclusions
632
Acknowledgements
633
References
633
Chapter 38. SCF-Induced Chemokine Production, Allergic Airway Inflammation and Airway Hyper-reactivity
638
Introduction
638
SCF-Induced Mast Cell Activation, Inflammation and Airway Hyper-reactivity
639
Regulation of SCF Production
641
Initiation of Cytokine/Chemokine Production by SCF in Mast Cells and Eosinophils
642
Structural Cell-derived SCF Contributes to Disease Progression: Differential Activation of Mast Cells by Soluble versus Membrane SCF
644
Summary
645
References
646
SECTION TEN: CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
652
Chapter 39. Pharmacological Profile of Mizolastine, a Novel Histamine H1 Receptor Antagonist
654
Histamine and its Receptor Subtypes
654
Specificity and Selectivity of Mizolastine for H
Specificity and Selectivity of Mizolastine for H
655
655
Antihistaminergic Effects of Mizolastine
657
Allergic Reaction
658
Anti-anaphylactic Properties of Mizolastine
659
Immune System-mediated Inflammatory Reaction in Allergy
660
Anti-allergic Effects of Mizolastine
662
Other Pharmacological Effects of Mizolastine
664
Conclusion
667
Acknowledgement
667
References
668
Chapter 40. Adenosine-Induced Enhancement of Mast Cell Mediator Release in Asthma and COPD
670
Introduction
670
The Bronchoconstrictor Effect of Adenosine in Asthma
671
The Airway Response to Adenosine in COPD
673
Adenosine Receptors on Mast Cells
673
Concluding Comments
674
References
676
Chapter 41. Neural Activation and Inflammation in Allergic Rhinitis
680
Introduction
680
Neurogenic Inflammation
681
Neural Hyper-responsiveness
683
Nerve Growth Factor
687
Summary and Conclusion
688
References
689
Chapter 42. Antihistaminic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Mizolastine
694
Introduction
694
Pharmacokinetics of Mizolastine
695
Clinical Efficacy of Mizolastine
695
Anti-inflammatory effects of Mizolastine
696
Concluding Remarks
698
References
698
Chapter 43. Electrophysiological and Molecular Basis for the Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Histamine H, Receptor Antagonists
702
Introduction
702
Cardiotoxicity of Second-generation Antihistamines
703
Conclusions
713
Acknowledgements
713
References
713
Index
718
Color Plate Section
737
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