Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides

Front cover

Title page

Copyright page

Table of contents

Contributors

Preface

Foreword

I: Plant Peptides Section

1: 4-kDa Peptide

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

ACTIVE AND/OR SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

References

2: AtPep1 Peptides

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF AtPep1 AND THE GENE ENCODING THE PRECURSOR PROTEIN ProAtPep1

DISTRIBUTION OF ProAtPep1 mRNA

PROCESSING OF ProAtPep1

AtPep1 RECEPTOR

SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF AtPep1

Acknowledgments

References

3: CLAVATA3: A Putative Peptide Ligand Controlling Arabidopsis Stem Cell Specification

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

RECEPTORS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

References

4: DVL Peptides Are Involved in Plant Development

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE DVL1 mRNA

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

BIOLOGICAL ACTION

References

5: The POLARIS Peptide

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

References

6: Phytosulfokine

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

DISCOVERY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

TYROSINE SULFATION

RECEPTORS

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgments

References

7: RALF Peptides

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE RALF PEPTIDE AND ITS PRECURSOR cDNA AND GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING

RECEPTOR

SOLUTION CONFORMATION OF RALF

BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF RALF

Acknowledgment

References

8: ROTUNDIFOLIA4: A Plant-Specific Small Peptide

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

References

9: The S-Locus Cysteine-Rich Peptide SCR/SP11

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF SCR

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING OF THE SCR PROTEIN

THE SCR RECEPTOR

STRUCTURE

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

References

10: Systemins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF SYSTEMINS

STRUCTURES OF SYSTEMINS AND OF THEIR PRECURSOR cDNAs

DISTRIBUTION OF SYSTEMIN SUBFAMILY mRNAs

PROCESSING OF THE SYSTEMIN FAMILY PRECURSOR PROTEINS

THE LeSys RECEPTOR

SOLUTION CONFORMATIONS OF SYSTEMIN SUBFAMILY MEMBERS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF SYSTEMIN FAMILY MEMBERS

Acknowledgments

References

II: Bacterial/Antibiotic Peptides Section

11: Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides—The Defensins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION AND EXPRESSION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

ACTIVE CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

Acknowledgments

References

12: Cathelicidins: Cationic Host Defense and Antimicrobial Peptides

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/STRUCTURAL GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF CATHELICIDINS

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

ACTIVE AND/OR SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

Acknowledgments

References

13: Microcins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/STRUCTURAL GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

ACTIVE AND/OR SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

Acknowledgments

References

14: Peptaibols

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE PEPTAIBOLS

BIOLOGICAL ORIGINS AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF PEPTAIBOLS

PEPTAIBOL STRUCTURES

FUNCTIONS AND ACTIVITIES OF PEPTAIBOLS

Acknowledgments

References

15: Nonribosomally Synthesized Microbial Macrocyclic Peptides

ABSTRACT

STRUCTURAL DIVERSITY OF NRPS SYNTHESIZED PEPTIDES

MODULAR STRUCTURE OF NRPSs

MACROCYCLIZATION

STRUCTURE OF THE SURFACTIN THIOESTERASE DOMAIN

BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF EXCISED THIOESTERASE DOMAINS

CHEMOENZYMATIC APPROACHES TOWARD NOVEL CYCLOPEPTIDES

THE COMBINATORIAL POTENTIAL OF TE DOMAINS TO SYNTHESIZE CYCLIC PEPTIDE LIBRARIES

Acknowledgments

References

16: Lantibiotics

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

ACTIVE AND/OR SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

Acknowledgments

References

17: The Nonlantibiotic Heat-Stable Bacteriocins in Gram-Positive Bacteria

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

SYNTHESIS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS AND RECEPTORS

STRUCTURE

FUTURE TRENDS

Acknowledgments

References

18: Colicins: Bacterial/Antibiotic Peptides

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY AND CLASSIFICATION

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

THE DOMAIN CONCEPT

SEQUENCE COMPARISONS

X-RAY STRUCTURES OF COLICINS

MECHANISM OF IMPORT ACROSS OUTER MEMBRANE

AREAS OF RESEARCH ENCOMPASSED BY COLICIN STUDIES

Acknowledgment

References

III: Fungal/Antifungal Peptides Section

19: Fungal Peptides with Antifungal Activity

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE

BIOLOGICAL ACTION

References

20: Toxins from Basidiomycete Fungi (Mushroom): Amatoxins, Phallotoxins, and Virotoxins

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

DISCOVERY OF MUSHROOM TOXINS

STRUCTURES OF MUSHROOM TOXINS

TOXIC ACTIONS OF MUSHROOM TOXINS

Acknowledgments

References

21: Fungal Peptides with Ribonuclease Activity

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE

BIOLOGICAL ACTION

References

22: Fungal Ribosome Inactivating Proteins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

Acknowledgments

References

23: Peptides and Depsipeptides from Plant Pathogenic Fungi

ABSTRACT

PHYTOTOXINS

DEPSIPEPTIDES AND PEPTIDES

CONCLUSION

References

IV: Invertebrate Peptides Section

24: Insect Diuretic and Antidiuretic Hormones

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF mRNA AND PEPTIDES

PEPTIDE PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY AND ACTIVE CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

CONCLUSION

References

25: Developmental Peptides: ETH, Corazonin, and PTTH

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE AND PEPTIDE PROCESSING

PTTH

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA AND PEPTIDES

PTTH

RECEPTORS

ACTIVE AND/OR SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

PTTH

References

26: Tachykinins and Tachykinin-Related Peptides in Invertebrates

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF mRNA AND PEPTIDES

PEPTIDE PROCESSING

RECEPTORS OF TKRPs

STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY AND ACTIVE CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

CONCLUSION

References

27: Proctolin in Insects

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF mRNA

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

STRUCTURE—ACTIVITY AND ACTIVE CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

References

28: Sulfakinins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

PROCESSING

TISSUE DISTRIBUTION

RECEPTORS

STRUCTURE/CONFORMATION-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

References

29: The Invertebrate AKH/RPCH Family

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

PEPTIDE AND PRECURSOR STRUCTURE AND PROCESSING

DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION CONFORMATION OF AKH AND RECEPTORS FOR AKH

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

Acknowledgments

References

30: Insect Myosuppressins/FMRFamides and FL/IRFamides/NPFs

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF mRNA

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

STRUCTURE–ACTIVITY AND ACTIVE CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTION

References

31: Allatostatins in the Insects

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF ALLATOSTATIN PRECURSORS

DISTRIBUTION OF mRNA AND PEPTIDES

PEPTIDE PROCESSING

ALLATOSTATIN RECEPTORS

STRUCTURE–ACTIVITY AND ACTIVE CONFORMATIONS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

CONCLUSION

References

32: The FXPRLamide (Pyrokinin/PBAN) Peptide Family

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF mRNA AND PEPTIDES

PEPTIDE PROCESSING

RECEPTORS OF IXPRLamides

STRUCTURE–ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS AND ACTIVE CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

References

33: Insect Pigment Dispersing Factor and Bursicon

ABSTRACT

INSECT PIGMENT DISPERSING FACTOR

BURSICON

References

34: Crustacean Bioactive Peptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

PROCTOLIN

CRUSTACEAN CARDIOACTIVE PEPTIDE

SULFAKININS

NEUROPEPTIDE F

OPIOID–ENKEPHALIN

ORCOKININ AND ORCOMYOTROPIN

ALLATOSTATIN

TACHYKININ-RELATED PEPTIDES

KININS

PYROKININ/PBAN

SIFAMIDE

MISCELLANEOUS

References

35: Crustacean Chromatophorotrophins and Hyperglycemic Hormone Peptide Families

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CHROMATOPHOROTROPHIC HORMONES

CRUSTACEAN HYPERGLYCEMIC HORMONES

References

36: Molluscan Bioactive Peptides

ABSTRACT

FMRFamide, FMRFamide-RELATED PEPTIDES (FaRPs)

PEPTIDES AND METABOLISM: ENERGY FLOW AND GROWTH

PEPTIDES AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR

PEPTIDES AND RENAL FUNCTION

TACHYKININS

References

37: Molluscan Peptides and Reproduction

ABSTRACT

PEPTIDES AND REPRODUCTION

DISCOVERY

VP/OT: DISCOVERY

PHEROMONES: DISCOVERY

References

38: Free-Living Nematode Peptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

FMRFamide-LIKE PEPTIDES (FLPs)

NEUROPEPTIDE-LIKE PEPTIDES (NLPs)

INSULINS (INSs)

ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES

Acknowledgment

References

39: Parasitic Nematode Peptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

FMRFamide-LIKE PEPTIDES (FLPs)

TKQELE

References

V: Amphibian Peptides Section

40: Amphibian Tachykinins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

AMPHIBIAN TK DISTRIBUTION

RECEPTORS

ACTIVE AND/OR SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

PATHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

41: Opioid Peptides from Frog Skin and Bv8-Related Peptides

ABSTRACT

OPIOID PEPTIDES

A BRIEF HISTORY

STRUCTURE AND CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

Bv8/PROKINETICIN FAMILY (SWISS-PROT: Q9PW66)

References

42: Amphibian Bombesin-like Peptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

AMPHIBIAN BOMBESINS

AMPHIBIAN PHYLLOLITORINS

RANATENSIN-LIKE PEPTIDES

GASTRIN-RELEASING PEPTIDE

PHYLOGENETIC CONSIDERATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL MAMMALIAN BOMBESIN-LIKE PEPTIDES

References

43: Host Defense Peptides from Australian Amphibians: Caerulein and Other Neuropeptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

THE CAERULEIN PEPTIDES

PEPTIDES RELATED TO CAERULEIN

TRYPTOPHYLLIN PEPTIDES

DISULFIDE NEUROPEPTIDES FROM THE GENUS CRINIA

Acknowledgments

References

44: Bradykinin-Related Peptides from Frog Skin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY AND DISTRIBUTION

BIOSYNTHESIS OF BRADYKININ AND RELATED PEPTIDES

MOLECULAR VARIANTS OF BK

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

References

45: The Dermaseptins

ABSTRACT

THE DERMASEPTIN SUPERFAMILY

THE PREPRODERMASEPTINS

ACTIVITIES OF THE PREPRODERMASEPTINDERIVED PEPTIDES

STRUCTURAL FEATURES AND MECHANISMS OF MICROBICIDAL ACTIVITY

References

46: The Temporins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE TEMPORINS

MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY OF THE TEMPORINS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE TEMPORINS

POTENTIAL CLINICAL AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

References

47: Chromogranins/Secretogranins and Derived Peptides: Insights from the Amphibian Model

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

Acknowledgments

References

48: Sodefrin and Related Pheromones

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING OF THE PRECURSORS

RECEPTORS

STRUCTURE–ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATION

References

49: Amphibian Neurohypophysial Peptides

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF AVT AND MT

RECEPTOR STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION

MAJOR BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF AVT AND MT

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF HYDRINS

References

50: Bombinins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

SOLUTION CONFORMATION

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

MODE OF ACTION STUDIES

Acknowledgments

References

VI: Venom Peptides Section

51: Scorpion Venom Peptides

INTRODUCTION

DISCOVERY AND DOCUMENTED BIODIVERSITY

THREE-DIMENSIONAL FOLDING

SCORPION TOXIN PRECURSORS

RECEPTOR SITES

MOLECULAR BASIS OF THEIR ACTIVITY

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgments

References

52: Snake Venom Peptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

THREE-FINGER TOXINS

PROTEASE INHIBITOR HOMOLOGS

CROTAMINE-LIKE MYOTOXINS

SARAFOTOXINS

CRISP FAMILY TOXINS

NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES

DISINTEGRINS

C-TYPE LECTINS AND LECTIN-LIKE PROTEINS

WAGLERINS

BRADYKININ-POTENTIATING PEPTIDES

AVIT PEPTIDES

MISCELLANEOUS PEPTIDES

References

53: Sea Anemone Venom Peptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

ION CHANNEL BLOCKERS AND MODULATORS

CYTOLYSINS

OTHER BIOACTIVE PEPTIDES

Acknowledgments

References

54: Spider Venom Peptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES IN THE ISOLATION OF NOVEL SPIDER VENOM PEPTIDES

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR SPIDER VENOM PEPTIDE AND POSTTRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF SPIDER VENOM PEPTIDES: VARIATIONS ON AN ANCESTRAL FOLD

SPIDER PEPTIDE TOXINS MODULATING Nav CHANNEL FUNCTION: BLOCKERS AND GATING MODIFIERS

SPIDER PEPTIDE TOXINS MODULATING VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNELS

SPIDER PEPTIDE TOXINS MODULATING ON Cav CHANNELS

SPIDER PEPTIDE TOXINS ACTING ON ACID-SENSING ION CHANNELS

SPIDER PEPTIDE TOXINS WITH NONSELECTIVE ACTIONS ON VOLTAGE-GATED ION CHANNELS: PROMISCUOUS TOXINS

SPIDER PEPTIDE TOXINS ACTING ON MECHANOSENSITIVE ION CHANNELS

SPIDER TOXINS ACTING ON GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS OR TRANSPORTERS

SPIDER TOXINS ACTING ON NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE (PRESYNAPTIC TOXINS)

SPHINGOMYELINASES D TOXINS FROM SPIDER VENOMS

ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOLYTIC PEPTIDE TOXINS FROM SPIDER VENOM

CONCLUSION

References

55: Conus Snail Venom Peptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: THE BIODIVERSITY OF VENOMOUS MOLLUSCS

DISCOVERY OF CONOTOXINS

PRECURSOR STRUCTURE, EXPRESSION, AND PROCESSING: CONOTOXIN SUPERFAMILIES

DEFINITION OF CONOTOXIN FAMILIES, RECEPTOR TARGETS, STRUCTURES

BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS

Acknowledgments

References

56: Insect Venom Peptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

PEPTIDES FROM THE VENOMS OF SOCIAL HYMENOPTERA

PEPTIDE TOXINS FROM SOCIAL WASPS

PEPTIDES FROM THE VENOMS OF SOLITARY WASPS

PEPTIDES FROM ANT VENOMS

Aknowledgments

References

57: Worm Venom Peptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

NEMERTINE PEPTIDE NEUROTOXINS

NEMERTINE PEPTIDE CYTOLYSINS

ANNELID (GLYCERA) NEUROTOXIN

PEPTIDE CYTOLYSINS FROM OTHER WORM PHYLA

CONCLUSION

References

58: Targets and Therapeutic Properties of Venom Peptides

ABSTRACT

ANTICOAGULANTS AND THROMBOLYTIC AGENTS

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS

ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES

IMMUNOMODULATORY PEPTIDES

ANTITUMOR PEPTIDES

ANALGESIA

DIABETES MELLITUS

Acknowledgments

References

59: Structure-Function Strategies to Improve the Pharmacological Value of Animal Toxins

ABSTRACT

CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS VERSUS GENETIC ENGINEERING

PEPTIDE IMPROVEMENT

DESIGN OF NOVEL PEPTIDE ANALOGS

BENEFITS OF SIZE REDUCTION IN PEPTIDES

RELEVANCE OF CHIMERA AND LABELING APPROACHES

STRATEGIES IMPLYING A CHANGE IN THE PATTERN OF HALF-CYSTINE PAIRS

WHAT ABOUT THE DIPOLE MOMENT OF VENOM PEPTIDES?

FUNCTIONAL DERIVATION OF VENOM PEPTIDES

IMPROVING PEPTIDE STABILITY

CONCLUSION

References

VII: Cancer/Anticancer Peptides Section

60: Analogs of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) in Cancer

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

ANTAGONISTS OF LHRH

RECEPTORS FOR LHRH ON TUMORS

CYTOTOXIC LHRH ANALOGS

EFFECTS OF ANALOGS OF LHRH ON TUMORS

CYTOTOXIC ANALOGS OF LHRH

SIDE EFFECTS OF CYTOTOXIC LHRH ANALOGS

CONCLUSION

References

61: Bombesin-Related Peptides and Neurotensin: Effects on Cancer Growth/Proliferation and Cellular Signaling in Cancer

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

BN-RELATED PEPTIDES (GRP, NMB)

NEUROTENSIN (NT)

References

62: Somatostatin and NPY

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

SOMATOSTATIN

NPY

References

63: Bradykinin and Cancer

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

KININ CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY

BRADYKININ ANTAGONISTS

BRADYKININ AND CANCER

References

64: Endothelin

ABSTRACT

ENDOTHELIN-1

ET-1 ASSOCIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS

ENDOTHELIN EXPRESSION IN CANCER

ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN CANCER

ENDOTHELIN AS A MITOGEN

ENDOTHELIN AND APOPTOSIS

ENDOTHELIN AND ANGIOGENESIS

ENDOTHELIN-1 AND TUMOR PROGRESSION/METASTASES

ENDOTHELIN ANTAGONISM IN VIVO

CLINICAL TRIALS

References

65: Adrenomedullin: An Esoteric Juggernaut of Human Cancers

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

AM EXPRESSION

GROWTH REGULATION

ANTIAPOPTOSIS

MIGRATION/INVASION

ANGIOGENESIS

IMMUNE REGULATION

THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES AND CONCLUSION

References

66: Angiotensin Peptides and Cancer

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

ACE AND AT1 RECEPTOR POLYMORPHISMS AND CANCER

EFFECTS OF ACE INHIBITORS AND ARBs ON CANCER CELL GROWTH AND TUMORIGENESIS

MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF ANG II

INHIBITION OF HUMAN CANCER CELL GROWTH BY ANG-(1-7)

CONCLUSION

References

67: Gastrin and Cancer

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPRESSION OF GASTRINS IN NORMAL TISSUE

THE GASTRIN RECEPTOR(S)

EXPRESSION OF GASTRIN IN TUMORS

GASTRIN AS A TUMOR GROWTH FACTOR

CONCLUSION

References

68: VIP and PACAP as Autocrine Growth Factors in Breast and Lung Cancer

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

VIP/PACAP PEPTIDES

VIP RECEPTORS

SECOND MESSENGERS

PROLIFERATION

TUMOR IMAGING

CONCLUSION

References

69: Oxytocin and Cancer

ABSTRACT

MOVING FROM PHYSIOLOGY TO NEOPLASTIC PATHOLOGY

OT AS A MODULATOR OF CELL GROWTH IN OTR-EXPRESSING TUMORS

THE OT/OTR SYSTEM AND CANCER

References

70: Antagonists of Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone (GHRH) in Cancer

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS OF GHRH ANTAGONISTS

ANTAGONISTIC ANALOGS OF GHRH

GHRH AND GHRH RECEPTORS IN HUMAN CANCERS

MECHANISMS OF TUMOR INHIBITION BY GHRH ANTAGONISTS

INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF GHRH ANTAGONISTS ON HUMAN EXPERIMENTAL CANCERS IN VIVO

CONCLUSION

References

VIII: Vaccine Peptides Section

71: Cancer Immunotherapy with Rationally Designed Synthetic Peptides

ABSTRACT

CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY

CURRENT VACCINATION STRATEGIES

ACTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES USING PEPTIDES

IDENTIFICATION OF T AND B CELL EPITOPES

RATIONAL DESIGN OF PEPTIDE VACCINES

ANTITUMOR IMMUNITY WITH PEPTIDE VACCINES

CONCLUSION

References

72: Peptide Vaccines for Cancer Treatment

ABSTRACT

USING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO TREAT CANCER

IDENTIFICATION OF TUMOR ANTIGENS AND PEPTIDES USING ENDOGENOUS IMMUNITY PRESENT IN CANCER PATIENTS

COMMON TUMOR ANTIGENS AND ANTIGENIC PEPTIDES RECOGNIZED BY T CELLS

FEATURES OF TUMOR-SPECIFIC T CELLS

CLINICAL TRIALS OF PEPTIDE BASED CANCER VACCINES

STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING THE EFFICACY OF PEPTIDE-BASED VACCINES

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgments

References

73: Antiadhesin Synthetic Peptide Consensus Sequence Vaccine and Antibody Therapeutic for Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

ABSTRACT

DISEASE TARGET

BACKGROUND AND AVAILABLE THERAPIES

WHY PEPTIDES

CONTRIBUTIONS

FUTURE OUTLOOK

CONCLUSION

References

74: Peptide Vaccines for Malaria

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

MALARIAL VACCINES

MAIN MALARIAL ANTIGENS INVOLVED IN TARGET CELL BINDING

VACCINE DESIGN BASED ON A STRUCTURAL-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIP

DESIGN BASED ON THE MHC-PEPTIDE-TCR COMPLEX CONFORMATION

DESIGN BASED ON STRUCTURALLY MODIFIED ANTIGEN BINDING TO HLADRb1* MOLECULES

DESIGN BASED ON MALARIAL ANTIGENS’ STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION BY INTRODUCING PEPTIDE BOND ISOSTERS

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgments

References

75: Peptide Vaccine for Otitis Media

ABSTRACT

DISEASE TARGET

BACKGROUND OF AVAILABLE THERAPIES

WHY PEPTIDES?

OUR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE AREA

FUTURE OUTLOOK

References

76: Peptide Vaccine for Alzheimer’s Disease

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

IN VITRO MODULATION OF b-AMYLOID FORMATION

EFRH PHAGE ELICITS ANTIBODIES AGAINST b-AMYLOID PEPTIDE

PEPTIDES AS VACCINES FOR PREVENTION AND/OR REDUCTION OF AMYLOID PLAQUES IN AD TRANSGENIC MICE

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION OF hAPP TRANSGENIC MICE WITH EFRH-PHAGE AS PEPTIDE VACCINE

FUTURE OUTLOOK

Acknowledgments

References

77: Peptide Dendrimers as Immunogens

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND AND DISCOVERY

DESIGN OF PEPTIDE DENDRIMERS AS IMMUNOGENS

IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTY OF MAPs

CELL-MEDIATED RESPONSES INDUCED BY LIPIDATED MAPs

REASONS FOR INCREASED IMMUNOGENICITY

SYNTHESIS

CONTRIBUTION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

References

IX: Immunological and Inflammatory Peptides Section

78: Chemotactic Peptide Ligands for Formylpeptide Receptors Influencing Inflammation

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

FORMYLPEPTIDE RECEPTORS

AGONIST PEPTIDES OF FPRs

MAMMALIAN PEPTIDES

PERSPECTIVES

Acknowledgments

References

79: Complement-Derived Inflammatory Peptides: Anaphylatoxins

ABSTRACT

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND SCOPE

PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE STRUCTURE, EXPRESSION, AND REGULATION OF ANAPHYLATOXINS

GENERATION OF C3a AND C5a ANAPHYLATOXINS

STRUCTURE OF ANAPHYLATOXINS

RECEPTORS FOR ANAPHYLATOXINS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF ANAPHYLATOXINS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ANAPHYLATOXINS

Acknowledgment

References

80: Chemokines: A New Peptide Family of Neuromodulators

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF SDF-1 mRNA AND PROTEIN

PROCESSING OF THE PRECURSOR

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

RECEPTOR EXPRESSION AND DISTRIBUTION

CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

81: Immune Peptides Related to Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase IV/CD26

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

DP IV/CD26 IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

DP IV EFFECTOR PEPTIDES

PRIMARY DP IV EFFECTOR PEPTIDES

SECONDARY IMMUNORELEVANT DP IV PEPTIDE SUBSTRATES

PEPTIDE INHIBITORS OF DP IV

References

82: RGD-Peptides and Some Immunological Problems

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF THE ANTIADHESIVE RGD-PEPTIDES

RGD-PEPTIDES IN PLATELET AGGREGATION

BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE CONFORMATION OF RGD-PEPTIDES

RGD PEPTIDES IN IMMUNOLOGICAL PHENOMENA

RGD-PEPTIDES AND PATHOGEN INVASIONS

RGD-PEPTIDES IN OTHER PATHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA

RGD RETROSEQUENCES IN PROTEINS

References

83: Neuropeptides That Regulate Immune Responses

ABSTRACT

Acknowledgment

References

84: Peptides as Targets of T Cell-Mediated Immune Responses

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX CLASS I AND CLASS II MOLECULES

CHARACTERISTICS OF PEPTIDES PRESENTED BY MHC-CLASS I

CHARACTERISTICS OF PEPTIDES PRESENTED BY MHC-CLASS II

BIOLOGICAL ROLES OF MHC-BOUND PEPTIDES

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

THERAPEUTIC USE OF PEPTIDES

CONCLUSION

References

85: The Use of Positional Scanning Synthetic Peptide Combinatorial Libraries to Identify Immunological Relevant Peptides

ABSTRACT

DEFINITION OF POSITIONAL SCANNING SYNTHETIC COMBINATORIAL PEPTIDE LIBRARIES (PS-SCL)

USE OF PS-SCL TO DETERMINE ANTIBODY LIGANDS

USE OF PS-SCL FOR T CELL EPITOPE MAPPING

USE OF PS-SCL TO IDENTIFY MHC BINDING MOTIFS

CONCLUSION

References

86: Copolymer 1 and Related Peptides as Immunomodulating Agents

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

SUPPRESSION OF EAE BY GA

OTHER PEPTIDES RELATED TO MS

CLINICAL TRIALS WITH COPOLYMER 1

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF GLATIRAMER ACETATE

IN SITU IMMUNOMODULATION AND NEUROGENRATION IN THE CNS

POTENTIAL OF GA FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF OTHER AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS—STUDIES ON INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES

EFFECT OF COPOLYMER 1 ON GRAFT REJECTION

CONCLUSION

References

87: CLIP—A Multifunctional MHC Class II–Associated Self-Peptide

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

THE CLIP RECEPTORS: MHC CLASS II MOLECULES

PROTEOLYSIS OF II AND GENERATION OF CLIP

FLANKING RESIDUES AND SELF-RELEASE OF CLIP

A CHAPERONE FACILITATING CLIP RELEASE: HLA-DM/H2-DM

MEMBRANE MICRODOMAINS

CLIP AS AN ANTAGONIST OF TH1 POLARIZATION

CONCLUSION

References

X: Brain Peptides Section

88: Vasopressin and Oxytocin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING OF THE PRECURSOR

RECEPTORS

ACTIVE AND/OR SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS WITHIN THE BRAIN AND PITUITARY

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

89: Thyrotrophin-Releasing Hormone: New Functions for an Ancient Peptide

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF TRH

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF PRE-PROTRH mRNA AND PRE-PRO-TRH-DERIVED PEPTIDES

PROCESSING OF THE TRH PRECURSOR

DISTRIBUTION OF TRH RECEPTORS AND THE TRH DEGRADING ENZYME

TRH RECEPTOR SIGNALING CASCADES

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF TRH WITHIN THE BRAIN AND PITUITARY

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

90: Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY AND BACKGROUND

STRUCTURE OF GnRHS AND THEIR PRECURSORS

GnRH DISTRIBUTION

PROCESSING OF THE GnRH PRECURSOR

GnRH RECEPTORS AND SIGNALLING CASCADES

PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF GnRH

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

References

91: Brain Somatostatin-Related Peptides

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNAs AND PEPTIDES

PROCESSING OF THE PRECURSORS AND DEGRADATION OF THE PEPTIDE

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

INFORMATION ON ACTIVE AND/OR SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS WITHIN THE BRAIN AND PITUITARY

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

92: Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Peptide Family

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION AND EXPRESSION OF mRNA

PROCESSING OF PREPROHORMONE

RECEPTORS AND BINDING PROTEINS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

93: Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF GHRH

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

EXPRESSION OF GHRH IN THE BRAIN

PROCESSING OF GHRH PRECURSOR

GHRH RECEPTOR

GHRH SIGNALING

CONFORMATION OF GHRH AND SYNTHESIS OF ANALOGS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF GHRH

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

94: PACAP/VIP

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING OF THE PRECURSOR

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

SOLUTION STRUCTURE COMPARISON

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS IN THE BRAIN AND THE PITUITARY

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PACAP/VIP

References

95: Neuropeptide Y

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF NPY AND HOMOLOGS

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

PROCESSING OF THE NPY PRECURSOR

DISTRIBUTION OF NPY mRNA AND PROTEIN

STRUCTURE OF NPY-LIKE PEPTIDES

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

Acknowledgment

References

96: Melanocortins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF POMC mRNA AND MELANOCORTINS IN THE BRAIN

PROCESSING OF PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN

CONTROL OF BIOSYNTHESIS AND RELEASE OF BRAIN MELANOCORTINS

MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR FAMILY

STRUCTURE–ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS FOR MELANOCORTINS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS WITHIN THE BRAIN

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

97: Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART)

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

PROCESSING OF CART PEPTIDES

DISTRIBUTION OF CART mRNA AND PEPTIDES

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF CART PEPTIDES WITHIN THE BRAIN AND PITUITARY

PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

98: The Melanin-Concentrating Hormone

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA/PEPTIDES

PROCESSING OF THE MCH PRECURSOR

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

ACTIVE STRUCTURE OF THE MCH PEPTIDE AND RECEPTOR CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF PRO-MCH-DERIVED PEPTIDES

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

99: CCK/Gastrin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF CCK

PROCESSING OF THE PRECURSOR

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

ACTIVE AND/OR SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS WITHIN THE BRAIN AND PITUITARY

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

100: The Hypocretins (Orexins)

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING OF THE PRECURSOR

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

INFORMATION ON ACTIVE AND/OR SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS WITHIN THE BRAIN

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

101: Ghrelin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCURE OF THE PRECURSOR AND mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF GHRELIN mRNA

PROCESSING OF THE GHRELIN PRECURSOR

RECEPTOR

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS WITHIN THE BRAIN

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

102: Neurotensin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF NEUROTENSIN

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

NT/N mRNA EXPRESSION IN BRAIN

PROCESSING OF THE PRECURSOR

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

INFORMATION ON ACTIVE OR SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BRAIN FUNCTIONS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

103: Neuromedin U (NMU): Brain Peptide

ABSTRACT

NMU DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

NMU DISTRIBUTION AND PROCESSING

NMU RECEPTORS

NMU1R

NMU2R

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF NMU IN THE BRAIN

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

104: Galanin and GALP Systems in Brain—Molecular Pharmacology, Anatomy, and Putative Roles in Physiology and Pathology

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF GALANIN AND GALANINLIKE PEPTIDE (GALP)

STRUCTURE AND REGULATION OF THE GALANIN AND GALP GENES

DISTRIBUTION OF GALANIN AND GALP mRNA AND PEPTIDE-IMMUNOREACTIVITY

NATURE AND PROCESSING OF GALANIN AND GALP PRECURSORS

GALANIN FAMILY RECEPTORS

CENTRAL ACTIONS OF GALANIN AND GALP IN NORMAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

References

105: Brain Tachykinins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING OF THE PRECURSOR

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

ACTIVE AND SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS WITHIN THE BRAIN

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

106: CGRP and Adrenomedullin in the Brain

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA/PEPTIDE

CGRP

PROCESSING OF THE PRECURSOR

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

PEPTIDE CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS WITHIN THE BRAIN

CGRP

PATHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

Acknowledgments

References

107: The RFamide-Related Peptides

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF THE MAMMALIAN RFAMIDERELATED PEPTIDES

STRUCTURE OF THE RFAMIDE-RELATED PEPTIDE PRECURSORS

PROCESSING OF THE RFAMIDE-RELATED PEPTIDE PRECURSORS

DISTRIBUTION OF RFAMIDE-RELATED PEPTIDES IN THE BRAIN

RFAMIDE-RELATED PEPTIDE RECEPTORS

INFORMATION ON SOLUTION CONFORMATION OF RFAMIDERELATED PEPTIDES

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF RFAMIDERELATED PEPTIDES WITHIN THE BRAIN AND PITUITARY

References

108: Apelin: Discovery, Distribution, and Physiological Role

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE AND PROCESSING OF THE PRECURSOR

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

DISTRIBUTION OF APELIN AND ITS RECEPTOR IN THE RAT BRAIN

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS WITHIN THE BRAIN AND PITUITARY GLAND

PERIPHERAL CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIONS

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgments

References

109: Urotensin II and Urotensin II–Related Peptide

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE

LOCALIZATION

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS WITHIN THE BRAIN

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

References

110: Brain/B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) and C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP)

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA AND GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF mRNA

PROCESSING OF PRECURSOR

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADE

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS IN THE BRAIN

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

111: Endozepines

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF DBI mRNA AND ENDOZEPINE IMMUNOREACTIVITY

PROCESSING OF DBI

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

CONTROL OF BIOSYNTHESIS AND RELEASE OF ENDOZEPINES

INFORMATION ON SOLUTION CONFORMATION OF ENDOZEPINES

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF ENDOZEPINES WITHIN THE BRAIN

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

112: KiSS-1/Metastin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF KiSS-1 SYSTEM

STRUCTURE OF THE KiSS-1 GENE

PROCESSING OF KiSS-1 PRECURSOR: THE KISSPEPTINS

DISTRIBUTION OF KiSS-1 mRNA/PROTEIN WITHIN THE BRAIN

GPR54 AS RECEPTOR FOR KISSPEPTINS: STRUCTURE AND SIGNALING CASCADES

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF KiSSPEPTINS: BRAIN AND PITUITARY EFFECTS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

Acknowledgments

References

XI: Endocrine Peptides Section

113: Role of Opioid Peptides in the Local Regulation of Endocrine Glands

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

PITUITARY GLAND

PANCREATIC ISLETS

ADRENAL GLAND

CONCLUSION

References

114: Role of Tachykinin-Gene-Related Peptides in the Local Regulation of Endocrine Glands

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

PITUITARY GLAND

THYROID GLAND

PARATHYROID GLAND

PANCREATIC ISLETS

ADRENAL GLAND

LEYDIG CELLS

OVARY

CONCLUSION

References

115: Neuropeptide Y and the Regulation of Endocrine Function

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

NPY AND ADRENAL FUNCTION

NPY IN THE PANCREAS

NPY AND GONADAL FUNCTION

NPY AND THYROID FUNCTION

CONCLUSION

References

116: Effects of PACAP in the Local Regulation of Endocrine Glands

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EFFECTS ON THE PITUITARY GLAND

EFFECTS ON THE THYROID GLAND

EFFECTS OF PACAP ON THE ENDOCRINE TESTIS AND OVARY

EFFECTS OF PACAP ON THE ADRENAL

EFFECTS OF PACAP ON PANCREATIC ISLETS

References

117: Endothelins in the Local Regulation of Endocrine Glands

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

PITUITARY GLAND

THYROID GLAND

PARATHYROID GLAND

PANCREATIC ISLETS

ADRENAL GLAND

LEYDIG CELLS

OVARY

CONCLUSION

References

118: Adrenomedullin and Related Peptides in the Local Regulation of Endocrine Glands

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

PITUITARY

ADRENALS

ENDOCRINE PANCREAS

DIFFUSE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM OF THE GUT

OTHER ENDOCRINE ORGANS

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgments

References

119: Ghrelin in the Local Regulation of Endocrine Glands

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

GHRELIN AND THE PITUITARY

GHRELIN AND THE THYROID

GHRELIN AND THE HEART AND CARDIOMYOCYTES

GHRELIN—A NOVEL PEPTIDE FOR CARTILAGE AND BONE HOMEOSTASIS

GHRELIN AND THE PANCREAS

GHRELIN AND THE ADRENAL CORTEX

GHRELIN AND THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgments

References

120: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Local Regulation of Endocrine Glands

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF ANP mRNA

PROCESSING

RELEASE OF NPs

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADE

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NPs

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

121: Galanin, Neurotensin, and Neuromedins in the Local Regulation of Endocrine Glands

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

GALANIN

NEUROTENSIN

NEUROMEDINS

CONCLUSION

References

XII: Ingestive Peptides Section

122: Neuropeptide Y: A Conductor of the Appetite-Regulating Orchestra in the Hypothalamus

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

NPY AND APPETITE

MECHANISM OF ACTION

REGULATION OF NPY SIGNALING AND APPETITE

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Acknowledgment

References

123: Hypothalamic Galanin and Ingestive Behavior: Relation to Dietary Fat, Alcohol, and Circulating Lipids

ABSTRACT

STIMULATORY EFFECTS OF GAL INJECTION ON INGESTIVE BEHAVIOR

EFFECTS PRODUCED BY MUTATIONS OF THE GAL GENE OR GAL RECEPTOR GENES

EFFECTS OF CIRCULATING HORMONES AND DIETARY CONDITIONS ON ENDOGENOUS GAL

SITES OF ACTION AND NEURAL NETWORKS AFFECTED

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS MEDIATING GAL EFFECTS ON INGESTIVE BEHAVIOR

GAL IN RELATION TO OTHER PEPTIDERGIC AND AMINERGIC SYSTEMS CONTROLLING INGESTIVE BEHAVIOR

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF GAL’S ACTIONS

Acknowledgments

References

124: Effects of Melanocortins on Ingestive Behavior

ABSTRACT

EFFECTS OF THE MELANOCORTINS ON FEEDING BEHAVIOR

GENETIC STUDIES ON MELANOCORTIN ACTION

FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF THE MELANOCORTINS TO DIFFERING METABOLIC AND FEEDING STATES

NEUROANATOMY OF THE CENTRAL MELANOCORTIN SYSTEM

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS RESPONSIBLE FOR MELANOCORTIN ACTIONS ON INGESTIVE BEHAVIOR

INTERACTIONS OF THE MELANOCORTINS WITH OTHER PEPTIDERGIC/AMINERGIC SYSTEMS

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

125: CART Peptide and Ingestive Behavior

ABSTRACT

DESCRIPTION OF CART PEPTIDE EFFECTS ON FEEDING BEHAVIOR

STUDIES FROM GENETIC MANIPULATIONS OR MUTATIONS

FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF CART TO DIFFERING METABOLIC AND FEEDING STATES

SITES OF ACTION AND NEURAL NETWORKS AFFECTED

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS RESPONSIBLE FOR INGESTIVE BEHAVIORS

INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER PEPTIDERGIC/AMINERGIC SYSTEMS

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

126: Orexins and Opioids in Feeding Behavior

ABSTRACT

EFFECT OF OREXINS AND OPIOIDS ON FEEDING BEHAVIOR

STUDIES FROM GENETIC MANIPULATIONS OR MUTATIONS

FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF OREXINS AND OPIOIDS TO METABOLIC AND FEEDING STATES

OxA AND OPIOID LIGANDS AND RECEPTORS: SITES OF ACTION AND NEURAL NETWORKS AFFECTED

INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER PEPTIDERGIC/AMINERGIC SYSTEMS

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

INTERACTION BETWEEN OxA AND OPIOIDS

CONCLUSION

References

127: Melanin-Concentrating Hormone

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EFFECTS OF MCH ON FEEDING BEHAVIOR

STUDIES FROM GENETIC MANIPULATIONS OR MUTATIONS

FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF THE PEPTIDE/GENE TO DIFFERING METABOLIC AND FEEDING STATES

SITES OF ACTION AND NEURAL NETWORKS AFFECTED

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INGESTIVE EFFECTS

INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER PEPTIDERGIC/AMINERGIC SYSTEMS

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

128: Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) and Ingestive Behavior

ABSTRACT

EFFECTS OF CRH AND UROCORTINS ON FEEDING BEHAVIOR

STUDIES FROM GENETIC MANIPULATIONS

METABOLIC REGULATION OF CRH AND CRH RECEPTORS

SITES OF ACTION AND NETWORKS MEDIATING CRH EFFECTS

RECEPTORS AND PATHWAYS MEDIATING THE EFFECTS OF CRH AND THE UROCORTINS ON FOOD INTAKE

INTERACTIONS WITH NEUROPEPTIDE SYSTEMS

PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

129: Peptide YY (PYY) and Neuromedin U (NMU): Effects on Ingestive Behavior

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

DISCOVERY

DISTRIBUTION AND RELEASE

RECEPTORS

THE ROLE OF NMU IN THE REGULATION OF ENERGY BALANCE

PYY

CONCLUSION

References

130: Ghrelin and Ingestive Behavior

ABSTRACT

GHRELIN ADMINISTRATION INDUCES FOOD INTAKE ACROSS SPECIES

THE GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTOR GHSR-1a MEDIATES GHRELIN-INDUCED FOOD INTAKE

GHRELIN TARGETS THE HYPOTHALAMUS TO INCREASE FOOD INTAKE AND BODY WEIGHT

OTHER HYPOTHALAMIC PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN GHRELIN-INDUCED HYPERPHAGIA

EXTRA-HYPOTHALAMIC EFFECTS OF GHRELIN ON FOOD INTAKE

PERIPHERAL GHRELIN LEVELS ARE REGULATED BY FOOD INTAKE

References

131: Cholecystokinin and Satiety

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

FEEDING ACTIONS OF PERIPHERAL CCK

FEEDING ACTIONS OF CENTRAL CCK

STUDIES WITH OLETF RATS AND CCK-A RECEPTOR KNOCKOUT MICE

FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES TO PERIPHERAL CCK IN DIFFERING METABOLIC STATES

SITES OF ACTION FOR PERIPHERAL CCK IN SATIETY

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS MEDIATING CCK SATIETY

INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SIGNALING SYSTEMS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGIAL IMPLICATIONS

References

132: Enterostatin, a Peptide Regulator of Dietary Fat Ingestion

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

ENTEROSTATIN EFFECTS ON FEEDING BEHAVIOR

GENOMIC STUDIES

FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES TO DIFFERING FEEDING AND METABOLIC CONDITIONS

SITES OF ACTION AND NEURAL NETWORKS AFFECTED

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

133: Regulation of Feeding Behavior by Glucagonlike Peptide 1 (GLP-1)

ABSTRACT

EFFECTS OF GLP-1 ON FEEDING BEHAVIOR

STUDIES FROM GENETIC MANIPULATIONS (KNOCKOUTS, TRANSGENICS) AND SYNTHETIC ANALOGS

FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF THE GLP-1 PEPTIDE/GENE TO DIFFERING METABOLIC AND FEEDING STATES

SITES OF ACTION AND NEURAL NETWORKS AFFECTED BY GLP-1

GLP-1 RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INGESTIVE EFFECTS

INTERACTIONS OF GLP-1 WITH OTHER PEPTIDERGIC/AMINERGIC SYSTEMS

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

134: Role of Amylin and Calcitonin-Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) in the Control of Food Intake

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFECTS OF AMYLIN AND CGRP ON FOOD INTAKE

FOOD INTAKE IN KNOCKOUT ANIMALS

FOOD INTAKE IN ANIMALS OVEREXPRESSING AMYLIN

FOOD INTAKE IN ANIMALS DEFICIENT OF CGRP OR OVEREXPRESSING CGRP

REGULATION OF AMYLIN AND CGRP SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION

CENTRAL PATHWAYS MEDIATING THE ANORECTIC EFFECTS OF AMYLIN AND CGRP

HYPOTHALAMIC INVOLVEMENT IN THE ANORECTIC ACTION OF PERIPHERAL AMYLIN

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS

INTERACTION WITH OTHER PEPTIDES REGULATING INGESTIVE BEHAVIOR

INTERACTION BETWEEN AMYLIN AND METABOLITES

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

CONCLUSION

References

135: Leptin and the Regulation of Feeding

ABSTRACT

LEPTIN AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR

THE ABSENCE OF LEPTIN ACTION

FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES TO LEPTIN DURING ALTERED METABOLIC STATES

SITES OF LEPTIN ACTION

LEPTIN RECEPTORS AND INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

136: Ingestive Peptides: Insulin

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EFFECTS OF INSULIN ON FEEDING BEHAVIOR

GENETIC AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL MANIPULATIONS

METABOLIC STATES

SITE OF ACTION AND NEURAL NETWORKS AFFECTED

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

CONCLUSION

References

XIII: Gastrointestinal Peptides Section

137: Adrenomedullin in Gastrointestinal Function

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURE

EXPRESSION AND DISTRIBUTION

RELEASE

RECEPTORS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgment

References

138: Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Gastrointestinal Function

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION OF CGRP IN THE GI TRACT

CGRP RECEPTORS IN THE GI TRACT

RELEASE OF CGRP IN THE GI TRACT

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CGRP IN THE GI TRACT

References

139: Peripheral Cholecystokinin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

CHOLECYSTOKININ PEPTIDE DISTRIBUTION

PROCESSING OF PREPROCHOLECYSTOKININ

MOLECULAR FORMS OF CHOLECYSTOKININ

CHOLECYSTOKININ RECEPTORS

SOLUTION CONFORMATION

PERIPHERAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF CHOLECYSTOKININ

CONCLUSION

References

140: Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Family in the Gastrointestinal System

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

EXPRESSION AND LOCATION OF CRH PEPTIDES AND RECEPTORS IN THE GI SYSTEM

ACTIONS OF CRH AND RELATED PEPTIDES IN GI FUNCTIONS

NEURONAL PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN CRH ACTIONS IN GI FUNCTIONS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

Acknowledgment

References

141: Paneth Cell a-Defensins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF ENTERIC PANETH CELL a-DEFENSINS

a-DEFENSIN GENE AND PRECURSOR STRUCTURES

DISTRIBUTION OF a-DEFENSINS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

STRUCTURES OF PANETH CELL a-DEFENSINS

MECHANISMS OF ACTION

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

Acknowledgments

References

142: Galanin in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Distribution and Function

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

GALANIN DISTRIBUTION

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GALANIN IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

GALANIN RECEPTORS

INFLAMMATION AND INJURY

Acknowledgment

References

143: Gastrin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE GENE AND PRECURSOR

DISTRIBUTION OF MRNA IN GUT

RECEPTOR EXPRESSION AND REGULATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS ON GI TRACT

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

144: Gastrin-Releasing Peptide

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE AND PEPTIDE VARIANTS

DISTRIBUTION OF GRP-LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY, GRP mRNA, AND GRP RECEPTOR

RECEPTOR SUBTYPES AND SIGNALING

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS WITHIN THE GI TRACT

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

145: Glucagonlike Peptides 1 and 2, Enteroglucagon, Glicentin, and Oxyntomodulin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY AND STRUCTURE OF THE GENE

EXPRESSION OF THE GENE

ACTIVE CONFORMATION AND METABOLISM

RECEPTOR EXPRESSION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

ACTIONS OF GLP-1

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

146: Ghrelin

ABSTRACT

ALTERNATIVE DISCOVERIES OF GHRELIN

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

STRUCTURE–ACTIVITY RELATIONS OF GHRELIN AND OF THE GHRELIN RECEPTOR

BIOLOGICAL ACTION ON THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL

Acknowledgments

References

147: Leptin and the Gastrointestinal Tract

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

THE STOMACH PRODUCES LEPTIN

GASTRIC LEPTIN IS A NEUROENDOCRINE MOLECULE FOR SATIETY

GASTRIC LEPTIN ENTERS THE INTESTINE

LEPTIN REGULATES INTESTINAL ENDOCRINE SECRETIONS

GUT LEPTIN AND INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS

LEPTIN AND GUT PATHOLOGIES

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgments

References

148: Motilin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF MOTILIN

STRUCTURE OF MOTILIN AND RELATED PEPTIDES

DISTRIBUTION IN THE GI TRACT

STRUCTURE–ACTIVITY

RECEPTOR

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATION

Acknowledgments

References

149: Neurotensin in Regulation of Gastrointestinal Functions

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

NT INHIBITS MOTILITY AND SECRETION IN THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE

NT ENHANCES COLONIC MOTILITY AND STIMULATES SECRETION

ROLE OF NT AND NTR1 IN INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION

NT PROMOTES CELL GROWTH, REGENERATION, AND HEALING OF THE GI MUCOSA

NT AND COLONIC STRESS RESPONSES

CONCLUSION

References

150: Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)

ABSTRACT

PACAP IS A NEWLY DISCOVERED NEUROENTERIC PEPTIDE

CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PAC1

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION OF PAC1

LOCALIZATION OF PAC1

PHYSIOLOGY OF PAC1 IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgments

References

151: Pancreatic Polypeptide

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE AS IT RELATES TO THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE AND PEPTIDE VARIANTS

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA AND PROTEIN

RECEPTOR SUBTYPES, SIGNALING, AND DISTRIBUTION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

152: Peptide YY

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURE OF THE PYY GENE AND PYY BIOSYNTHESIS

GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRIBUTION AND ONTOGENY OF INTESTINAL PYY

REGULATION OF PYY SECRETION

PYY RECEPTORS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS ON THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

GROWTH PROMOTING ACTIONS OF PYY ON THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

INHIBITORY ACTION OF PYY(3–36) ON APPETITE AND FOOD INTAKE

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PYY

References

153: Secretin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF SECRETIN

STRUCTURE OF SECRETIN, ITS PRECURSOR TRANSCRIPT, AND GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF SECRETIN AND ITS mRNA

SECRETIN RECEPTOR SUBTYPES, DISTRIBUTION, AND SIGNALING

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF SECRETIN IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF SECRETIN

References

154: Somatostatin

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

SOMATOSTATIN-14, SOMATOSTATIN-28 AND CORTISTATIN IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTORS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF SOMATOSTATIN IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

SOMATOSTATIN AND SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTORS IN THE DISEASED GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGS AND THEIR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE

References

155: Somatostatin Analogs in theGastrointestinal Tract

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

GASTROENTEROPANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS

SECRETORY DIARRHEAS

ESOPHAGEAL VARICEAL HEMORRHAGE

GI MOTILITY AND FUNCTIONAL GI DISORDERS

POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS OF SURGERY

BILIARY SYSTEM

References

156: Substance P and Related Tachykinins in the Gastrointestinal Tract

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF TACHYKININS IN THE GUT

DISTRIBUTION OF TACHYKININ mRNAS AND PEPTIDES IN THE GI TRACT

TACHYKININ RECEPTOR SUBTYPES, SIGNALING, AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE GI TRACT

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF TACHYKININS IN THE GUT

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF TACHYKININS IN THE GI TRACT

Acknowledgments

References

157: TFF (Trefoil Factor Family) Peptides

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

EXPRESSION IN THE GI TRACT

ACTIVE CONFORMATION, 3D STRUCTURE

TFF RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADES

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS ON THE GI TRACT

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

Acknowledgments

References

158: Signaling by Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

INTERPLAY OF INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS

VIP RECEPTORS AND THEIR SIGNALING IN SMOOTH MUSCLE

Acknowledgments

References

XIV: Cardiovascular Peptides Section

159: Adrenomedullin and Its Related Peptides

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY AND STRUCTURE OF AM

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA AND PEPTIDE IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

RECEPTORS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

PROADRENOMEDULLIN N-TERMINAL 20 PEPTIDE

INFORMATION ON MOLECULAR FORM OF AM

CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF AM IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

CONCLUSION

References

160: Angiotensin II and Its Related Peptides

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PEPTIDE AND COMPONENT OF RA SYSTEM

DISTRIBUTION OF RA SYSTEM, PROCESSING, AND ENDOGENOUS FORM IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

RECEPTORS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATION IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

References

161: Bradykinin and Its Related Peptides

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF KININOGEN mRNA AND GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF KININOGEN AND KALLIKREIN mRNA AND KININ PEPTIDES

FORMATION OF KININ PEPTIDES

METABOLISM OF KININ PEPTIDES

KININ RECEPTORS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

ROLE OF KININ PEPTIDES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE STATES

References

162: Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptides

ABSTRACT

CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE

Acknowledgments

References

163: Endothelins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE AND PROCESSING

PLASMA CONCENTRATION AND INACTIVATION OF ENDOTHELIN 1

RECEPTORS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

References

164: Ghrelin: Its Therapeutic Potential in Heart Failure

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

DISCOVERY, STRUCTURE, AND SYNTHESIS

RECEPTORS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION

BIOLOGICAL ACTINS

CLINICAL APPLICATION OF GHRELIN

CONCLUSION

References

165: Natriuretic Peptides in the Cardiovascular System

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSORS, mRNAs, AND GENES OF NPs

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA AND PEPTIDE IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

PROCESSING AND ENDOGENOUS FORMS OF NPs

RECEPTORS OF NPs AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

INFORMATION ON ACTIVE AND/OR SOLUTION CONFORMATION OF NPs

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF NPs IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATION OF NPs IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

References

166: Urotensin and Its Related Peptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

UROCORTIN (UROTENSIN I)

UROTENSIN II

CONCLUSION

References

167: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

DISCOVERY

DISTRIBUTION

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Acknowledgments

References

168: Cardiovascular Peptides: Vasopressin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

ACTIVE OR SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

XV: Renal Peptides Section

169: Renal Effects of Neurohypophyseal Peptides

ABSTRACT

BRIEF HISTORY AND OVERVIEW OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL PEPTIDES

BODY FLUID HOMEOSTASIS

VASOPRESSIN AND OXYTOCIN RECEPTORS

LOCALIZATION OF VASOPRESSIN AND OXYTOCIN RECEPTORS IN THE KIDNEY

RENAL EFFECTS OF VASOPRESSIN

RENAL EFFECTS OF OXYTOCIN

References

170: Renal Renin-Angiotensin System

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION OF RENIN, ANGIOTENSINCONVERTING ENZYME, AND ANGIOTENSINOGEN IN THE KIDNEY

INTRARENAL LEVELS OF ANGIOTENSIN II

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF INTRARENAL ANG II

CONCLUSION

References

171: Renal Natriuretic Peptide System and Actions of Urodilatin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY AND FIRST DESCRIPTIONS OF URODILATIN

METABOLISM OF URODILATIN IN THE KIDNEY AND ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

URODILATIN—CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

172: ANP and Its Role in the Regulation of Renal Tubular Transport Processes

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE ACTIONS IN THE KIDNEY

EFFECTS OF ANP ON TUBULAR TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

References

173: Adrenomedullin as a Renal Peptide

ABSTRACT

ADRENOMEDULLIN PEPTIDE

AM RECEPTOR

RENAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF AM

RENOPROTECTIVE ACTIONS OF AM

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF AM IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE KIDNEY

References

174: Adrenomedullin 2/Intermedin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA AND GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF mRNA

PROCESSING OF THE PRECURSOR

RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING CASCADE

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

175: Renal Endothelin

ABSTRACT

BRIEF HISTORY OF ENDOTHELIN

LOCALIZATION OF THE ET-1 SYSTEM IN THE KIDNEY

RENAL HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ET-1

ET-1 EFFECTS ON EXCRETORY FUNCTION

RENAL ET-1 IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION

CONCLUSION

References

176: Prolactin and Kidney Function

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CLASSICAL PRODUCTION SITE AND ACTIONS OF PROLACTIN

PROLACTIN RECEPTORS

PROLACTIN AND OSMOREGULATION

PROLACTIN RECEPTORS IN THE MAMMALIAN KIDNEY

RENAL PRODUCTION OF PROLACTIN

RENAL ACTIONS OF PROLACTIN

PROLACTIN AND RENAL FUNCTION IN HUMANS

THE JURY IS STILL OUT ON THE RENAL ACTIONS OF PROLACTIN

HAVE TRANSGENE METHODS CLARIFIED THE ISSUE?

References

XVI: Respiratory Peptides Section

177: Therapeutic Potential of Adrenomedullin for Pulmonary Hypertension

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

DISCOVERY, STRUCTURE, AND SYNTHESIS

RECEPTORS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

CLINICAL APPLICATION OF AM FOR PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

CONCLUSION

References

178: Endothelin in the Airways

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

SYNTHESIS AND ELIMINATION OF ET-1

ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR SUBTYPES AND LOCALIZATION

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE

References

179: PACAP’s Role in Pulmonary Function

ABSTRACT

GENE STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA

RECEPTORS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS WITHIN THE LUNG

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL

References

180: Tachykinins and Their Receptors in the Lung

ABSTRACT

TACHYKININ RECEPTOR PHARMACOLOGY

TACHYKININ LOCALIZATION IN THE LUNG

TACHYKININ RECEPTOR DISTRIBUTION IN THE LUNG

TACHYKININ-MEDIATED BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN THE LUNG

THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF TACHYKININ NK1 RECEPTOR BLOCKADE

THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF TACHYKININ NK2 RECEPTOR BLOCKADE

THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF DUAL TACHYKININ NK1-NK2 RECEPTOR BLOCKADE

THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF BLOCKADE OF THE TACHYKININ NK3 RECEPTOR

CONCLUSION

References

181: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: VIP IN THE LUNG

VIP AND ITS FAMILY OF PEPTIDES

DISTRIBUTION AND LOCALIZATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS PERTINENT TO THE LUNG

RECEPTORS

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS

PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES

VIP IN PULMONARY DISEASE

THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL

References

XVII: Opioid Peptides Section

182: Proenkephalin-Derived Opioid Peptides

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF THE ENKEPHALINS

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF ENKEPHALIN mRNA AND PEPTIDE

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ENKEPHALINS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

183: Prodynorphin-Derived Opioid Peptides

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF DYN A(1–17)

DYNORPHIN EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND POSSIBLE BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

DRUG ABUSE AND DYNORPHINS

DYNORPHIN EXPRESSION IN PERIPHERAL TISSUES

PERSPECTIVE

References

184: POMC Opioid Peptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

DISCOVERY

DISTRIBUTION

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

185: Endomorphins as Endogenous Peptides for u-Opioid Receptor: Their Differences in the Pharmacological and Physiological Characters

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF ENDOMORPHINS

DISTRIBUTION OF THE ENDOMORPHIN-2- LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVE NEURONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

DISTRIBUTION OF THE EM-1-LI NEURONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

RECEPTOR SELECTIVITY AND ITS MODULATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF ENDOMORPHINS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ENDOMORPHINS

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgments

References

186: Casomorphins and Hemorphins—Opioid Active Peptides Released by Partial Hydrolysis of Structural Proteins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF THE b-CASOMORPHINS AND THE HEMORPHINS

THE FORMATION OF b-CASOMORPHINS AND HEMORPHINS

RECEPTOR SELECTIVITY AND ITS MODULATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF THE b-CASOMORPHINS AND HEMORPHINS

IMPLICATIONS OF b-CASOMORPHINS AND HEMORPHINS IN PATHOPHYSIOLGY

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgments

References

187: Anti-Opioid Peptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

REGULATION OF OPIOID ANALGESIA BY CCK

CCK GENE EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO OPIOID ANALGESIA

CCK RELEASE IN RESPONSE TO OPIOID ANALGESIA

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR CCK-OPIOID INTERACTIONS

REGULATION OF OPIOID ANALGESIA BY NPFF

REGULATION OF OPIOID ANALGESIA BY NOCICEPTIN

REGULATION OF u-OPIOID SYSTEMS BY MIF-1, TYR-MIF-1, AND TYR-W-MIF-1

Acknowledgment

References

188: Nociceptin

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF PRECURSOR MRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF MRNA AND PEPTIDE

BIOSYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION

RECEPTOR

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

189: Role of Tachykinins in Spinal Nociceptive Mechanisms and Their Interactions with Opioids

ABSTRACT

DISTRIBUTION OF TACHYKININS IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA AND THE SPINAL CORD

PLASTICITY OF THE EXPRESSION OF TACHYKININS AND THEIR RECEPTORS FOLLOWING INFLAMMATION AND NERVE INJURY

RELEASE OF TACHYKININS IN THE SPINAL CORD

INVOLVEMENT OF TACHYKININS IN SPINAL NOCICEPTION

NK-1 RECEPTOR AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN

SP-SAPORIN AND NK-1 RECEPTOR EXPRESSING LAMINAE I NEURONS IN NOCICEPTION

INTERACTION BETWEEN TACHYKININS AND OPIOIDS

THE FAILURE OF NK-1 ANTAGONISTS AS ANALGESICS IN HUMANS

References

190: Exorphin-Opioid Active Peptides of Exogenous Origin

ABSTRACT

OPIOID PEPTIDES DERIVED FROM PLANT PROTEINS

OPIOID PEPTIDES DERIVED FROM ANIMAL PROTEINS

INTRAPROTEIN OPIOID SEQUENCE

CLASSIFICATION OF EXORPHINS ACCORDING TO THEIR STRUCTURE

OPIOID ANTAGONIST AND ANTI-OPIOID PEPTIDE DERIVED FROM PROTEINS

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgments

References

191: Opioid-Substance P Chimeric Peptides

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CROSS-INTERACTION OF TACHYKININ AND OPIOID SYSTEMS

TACHYKININ ANTAGONIST–OPIOID AGONIST CHIMERIC COMPOUNDS

TACHYKININ AGONIST–OPIOID AGONIST CHIMERIC COMPOUNDS

CONCLUSION

References

XVIII: Neurotrophic Peptides Section

192: VIP- and PACAP-Related Neuroprotection

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR mRNA, DISTRIBUTION, AND PROCESSING

VIP NEUROPROTECTION

RECENT RESEARCH ON VIP: CONCENTRATING ON RECEPTORS AND MECHANISMS

RECENT RESEARCH ON PACAP

NAP: TREATMENT THROUGH A VIP-RELATED MECHANISM

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgments

References

193: Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF PRECURSOR mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

ACTIVE AND/OR SOLUTION CONFORMATION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

194: Erythropoietin—A Hematopoietic Hormone with Emerging Diverse Activities

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY

STRUCTURE OF THE PRECURSOR Epo mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF Epo mRNA

PROCESSING OF Epo

THE Epo RECEPTOR

Epo BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

References

195: Neuregulins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY AND STRUCTURE

DISTRIBUTION AND PROCESSING

RECEPTORS

BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS

Acknowledgments

References

196: The Neurotrophins

ABSTRACT

DISCOVERY OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR

STRUCTURE OF THE mRNA/GENE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE mRNA

PRECURSOR PROTEIN: PROCESSING AND ACTIVITY

CONFORMATION

RECEPTORS—BINDING SITES

TRKA AND p75 RECEPTORS—STRUCTURE

RECEPTOR SIGNALING

NEUROTROPHINS—RETROGRADE TRANSPORT

p75 RECEPTOR SIGNALING