Design Computing and Cognition '10

Preface

Contents

List of Reviewers

Part I: Design Cognition

A Comparison of Cognitive Heuristics Use between Engineers and Industrial Designers

Introduction

Design Heuristics

Experimental Approach and Research Questions

Participants

Method

Results

Types of Concepts Generated

Evidence of Heuristic Use

Characterizing Design across Sessions

Design Heuristics and Concept Diversity, Creativity, and Practicality

Discussion

Conclusions

References

Studying the Unthinkable Designer: Designing in the Absence of Sight

Aim

Significance

Designer and Method

Unthinkable Designs

Findings

Discussion

Conclusions

References

Design Heuristics: Cognitive Strategies for Creativity in Idea Generation

Introduction

Designers’ Cognitive Processes

Design Heuristics

Experimental Approach and Research Questions

Participants

Materials

The Design Task

Design Heuristics Instructional Materials

Experimental Design

Procedure

Results

Average Creativity Ratings of Selected Designs

Heuristic Use

Discussion

References

An Anthropo-Based Standpoint on Mediating Objects: Evolution and Extension of Industrial Design Practices

Introduction - A Shift in Design Tools’ Consideration

Rationale of the Study: Understanding the Use of Design Tools through a Three Phases Proposition

First Phase: Addressing the Question from an “Anthropo-Based” Standpoint

Second Phase: Focusing on “Mediating Objects”

Third Phase: Undoing the Comparative/Dichotomous Approach to the Benefit of the Study of Complementarities

Method

Twelve Conversations to List the Context Factors: An Exploratory Research

Detailed Research

Results

Testing the Complementarities

Going Further in the Analysis of Mediating Objects

Conclusions - Toward Augmented Design Tools Closer to Real Practices

References

Part II: Framework Models in Design

Beyond the Design Perspective of Gero's FBS Framework

Introduction

Related Work

Extended Model

Using and Interacting: The Interacting Interface

Knowledge, Affordances and the Interacting Interface

Failure and Misuse

Exemplary Application of the Proposed Model and Discussion

Conclusions

References

A Formal Model of Computer-Aided Visual Design

Introduction

Classifications and Logics for a Design Model

A Formal Model

A Design Task Domain

A Computer Visualization Domain

A Physical Design Actions Domain

The Active Perception

The Operation Method

The System of Computer-Aided Visual Design

Conclusions

References

Design Agents and the Need for High-Dimensional Perception

Introduction

Relevance

Example Systems: Observing Types in Architecture

Method and Results

Effect of Overall Attribute Dimensionality on Classification

Effect of Particular Sets of Attribute Dimensions

Different Sets of Attributes for Different Classes

Mutual Classification and Communication

Conclusion

References

A Framework for Constructive Design Rationale

Introduction

An Ontological Representation of Design Rationale

The FBS Ontology

Instance-Based and State-Space Views of Design Rationale

An FBS View of Design Rationale

What Is Constructive Design Rationale?

Drivers of Constructive Design Rationale

The Situated FBS Framework of Designing

Drivers for Constructing Rationale Structure

Drivers for Constructing Rationale Behaviour

Drivers for Constructing Rationale Function

Conclusion

References

Part III: Design Creativity

The Curse of Creativity

Introduction

Theoretical and Perceived Creativity

Current Approaches

Some Research Alternatives

New Wine in Old Bottles

Using Cognitive Science and Psychology

Products as Art

Ingredients of Routine Design Reasoning

Modifications to Routine Design Reasoning

Assumptions and Restrictions

Matching Creative and Routine Reasoning

Basic Synthesis & Criticism: Possible Modifications

Summary & Conclusions

References

Enabling Creativity through Innovation Challenges: The Case of Interactive Lightning

Introduction

The Indianapolis Tunnel Scenario

Cellular Automata Models

Asynchronous Cellular Automata

Dissipative Cellular Automata

Cellular Automata with Memory

Adaptive Interactive Lightning Model

The Design Environment

The Cells Simulator

The Lights View

The System Configuration

Experimenting Different Configurations

From a Prototype to a Product

Conclusions and Future Work

References

Facetwise Study of Modelling Activities in the Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving ARIZ and Evolutionary Algorithms

Conceptual Design Techniques Are Non Quantitative

Aims

Conceptual and Detailed Design Stages Do Not Speak the Same Language

Translation from One Language to the Other Is Required

Significance

Approach Followed in the Paper

Notions and Definitions

Hilbert Space: Search Strategy Driven by Objectives

Steady State: Facets of the Notion in Various Scientific Fields

C-K: Distinction between Concepts and Knowledge

Evolutionary Algorithms (EA)

Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving (ARIZ)

Modelling Requirements in Evolutionary Algorithms

Inventive Problem Solving through Evolutionary Algorithm Is Restricted by the Lack of Dynamism in Models

Design Space Limits in Model Segmentation Approach

Practical Limit of Model Segmentation

Modelling Requirements in ARIZ

Facetwise Modelling Reduces Complexity

Facetwise Modelling Reduces Complexity

Modelling Activities When Evaluating Logical Status of a Proposition

Conflicting Requirements of Two Steady States

Steady States Discontinuities and Integrated Framework

Structuring Design Space through Multiple Contradictions Statements

Interconnecting Parsimonious Models Thanks to Systemic Approach

A Model Structuring That Enables Travelling through Design Space

Discussion

Spatial Segmentation of Models vs. Propagation of Contradictions through System Levels

Conclusion

Expected Outcomes from Proposed Modelling Description

References

Exploring Multiple Solutions and Multiple Analogies to Support Innovative Design

Introduction

Background

Analogical Reasoning as Basis for Innovative Design

Cognitive Models of Analogical Reasoning

Structure Mapping Theory and Structural Alignment

One-to-One Mapping Constraint

Research Questions and Hypotheses

Experiment 1- Generating Multiple Solutions

Overview

Method

Metrics

Results and Discussion

Experiment 2- Learning Design Principles from Multiple Analogs

Overview

Method

Metrics

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

Future Work

References

Creative and Inventive Design Support System: Systematic Approach and Evaluation Using Quality Engineering

Introduction

Systematic Approach for the Creative and Inventive Thinking Process

Proposal of the Thinking Process

Problem Understanding Process

Problem Solving Process

Quantitative Evaluation for the Creative and Inventive Thinking Process of CDSS

Evaluation for the Problem Understanding

Validation of the Problem Solving Using the Design of Experiment

Evaluation of the Robustness Using the Taguchi Method

The Taguchi Method

Solving Phase with Robustness

Conclusion

References

Part IV: Line, Plane, Shape, Space in Design

Line and Plane to Solid: Analyzing Their Use in Design Practice through Shape Rules

Introduction

Aims and Significance

Method

Participants, Protocol Locations, and the Design Task

Deriving Shape Rules from Segmentation Schemes

Results

Parallel Computations across Design Descriptions

Spatial Relations between Design Descriptions

Medial Lines as Correlative Devices

Discussion and Conclusions

References

Interactions between Brand Identity and Shape Rules

Introduction

Background

Product Shape Design

Brand Identity

Shape Grammars and Shape Rules

The Role of a Computer Aided Design Synthesis System

Method

Results

Selection of the Corpus of Designs

Derivation of Brand Characteristics

Definition of a Shape Grammar

Generation of New Designs

Evaluation of the New Designs

Conclusion

References

Approximate Enclosed Space Using Virtual Agent

Enclosed Space

Previous Simulation on the Interaction between Architectural Design and Virtual Agent

Geometric Modeling of Enclosed Space

Co- linearity of Three Points

The Determination of Convex Area

Define Centroid

Method

Acquiring Information of the Environment

Decomposing Object into Set of Points

Determining Convex Area and Centroid

Experiment

Constructing Agent and Environment

Computational Process and Result

Concluding Remarks and Future Development

References

Associative Spatial Networks in Architectural Design: Artificial Cognition of Space Using Neural Networks with Spectral Graph Theory

Introduction

Artificial Neural Networks in Architectural Systems

Overview of the Design Problem and Approach

Generation of Spatial Graphs for the Exhibitions

Mapping of Exhibits Using Dimensionality Reduction

Spectrum Representation of Graph Features for Synaptic Vectors

Mapping a Modified Growing Neural Network

Clustering of Graph Types Using a Growing Neural Gas

Results

Investigation of Dynamic Inputs

Generation of Spatial Layouts – ‘An Artificial Curator’

Spatial Realisation of Graphs Using a Particle Repulsion Algorithm

Meta-cognition of Exhibition Spaces by Users

Integrating Participant Users Using Unsupervised Goals

Conclusion

References

Part V: Decision-Making Processes in Design

Comparing Stochastic Design Decision Belief Models: Pointwise versus Interval Probabilities

Introduction

Stochastic Representations

Functional Distribution Representation

Functional Representation of Interval Probabilities

Agent Learning

PDF Updating

Credal Set Updating

Agent Implementation

UCI Car Design Database

Empirical Trials

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

References

A Redefinition of the Paradox of Choice

Introduction

The Paradox of Choice and Mass Confusion

The Paradox of Choice

Wundt Curve Representation of the Paradox of Choice

Mass Customization and Mass Confusion

Means of Solving Problems Related to the Paradox of Choice and Mass Confusion

Limitation of Solution Space According to Averaged Users’ Needs

Nourishing Online Communities

Learning from the Users with the Aid of Recommender Systems

Redefinition of the Paradox of Choice

Lack of Meaningful Choice

Inability to Express What a Meaningful Choice Is

Multidimensional Wundt Curve Model of the Paradox of Choice

Solution to the Paradox of Choice

Computational Approach to the Paradox of Choice

Learning from the Users with an Aid of Recommender Systems

Recognition of Meaningful Options with the Aid of Evolutionary Algorithms

Experiment Setup

Types of Configurators Subject to Experiment

Experimental Method

Findings

Conclusion

References

Rethinking Automated Layout Design: Developing a Creative Evolutionary Design Method for the Layout Problems in Architecture and Urban Design

Introduction

Between Intuition and Rationality

Revisiting Automated Layout Design

Constraint-Based Systems

Cellular Automata and Agent-Based Systems

Shape Grammars

Physically-Based Systems

Evolutionary Algorithms

Conclusion

Developing an “Adaptive” Layout-Design System

Definition of Layout

Generative Mechanism

Interaction with the Situation

Conclusion / Outlook

References

Applying Clustering Techniques to Retrieve Housing Units from a Repository

Introduction

BARCODE HOUSING SYSTEM: A Generative System for Housing Design

Housing Layout Workspace

Housing Selection Workspace

Clustering Housing Layouts

Clustering Algorithms

Results

Conclusions

References

Part VI: Knowledge and Learning in Design

Different Function Breakdowns for One Existing Product: Experimental Results

Introduction

Research Design

Results of the Experiment: Representations, Notions and Approaches

Typical Representation

Different Notions and Expressions of Function

Diverging Terminology for Parts

Different Approaches

Results: Different Functional Breakdowns

The Function Trees

A Comprehensive Model of the Pump

Similarities in the Layout of the Function Trees

Mistakes in the Trees

Conclusions and Implications

References

A General Knowledge-Based Framework for Conceptual Design of Multi-disciplinary Systems

Introduction

Representing Desired Functions

The Representation of Flows

The Representation of Constraints on Flows

The Representation of Desired Functions

Representing the Functional Knowledge of Known PSs

The Input-Output Flow Name Pair

The Constraints on Input Flows

The Constraints on Output Flows

The Attribute-Mapping Rules

The General Functional Knowledge Representation Schema

An Agent-Based Design Synthesis Approach

The Agent-Based Design Synthesis Process

An Illustrative Case

Discussion

Conclusions

References

Learning Concepts and Language for a Baby Designer

Symbols and Design Reasoning

Learning Symbols

Are Designs Emergent?

Related Work: Discovering Patterns in Design Spaces

Baby Designer Enterprise

Learning Containment

Learning about Clearance

Language Mapping

Associating Linguistic Labels

Discussion

Conclusion

References

Organizing a Design Space of Disparate Component Topologies

Introduction

Background

Generation of Designs

Reducing the Design Space through Confluence and Matrix Comparison

Organizing the Design Space Using Clustering Methods

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

References

Part VII: Using Design Cognition

Imaging the Designing Brain: A Neurocognitive Exploration of Design Thinking

Introduction

Research Questions and Objectives

Methods

Experimental Set-Up and Tasks

Procedures

Results

Semi-Structured Interviews

Behavioral Analysis

fMRI Analysis

Discussion and Conclusions

References

A Computational Design System with Cognitive Features Based on Multi-objective Evolutionary Search with Fuzzy Information Processing

Introduction

Evaluating Design Performance

Multi-objective Evolutionary Search with a Relaxed Dominance Concept

Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm & Fuzzy Neural Tree = A Computational Design System with Cognitive Features

The Cognitive Features of the System

Application

Conclusion

References

Narrative Bridging

Introduction

The Key Elements of Narrative Bridging

Media

Premise

Goal

Syuzhet

The Process of Using Narrative Bridging

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Prototype Testing of the Method

The Masquerade Game

The Parasite Game

Results

Conclusions and Further Work

References

Generic Non-technical Procedures in Design Problem Solving: Is There Any Benefit to the Clarification of Task Requirements?

Introduction

Aims

Method

Independent Variable, Experimental Design and Procedure

Dependent Variables and Instruments

Results

Check of Randomization of the Intervention Groups

Performance Benefit of the Additional Offer of the GQAS

Reported Benefit of the Additional Offer of the GQAS

Conclusions

References

Virtual Impression Networks for Capturing Deep Impressions

Introduction

Surface and Deep Impressions

Preferences and Deep Impressions

Viewpoint of This Study

Structure of Impressions

Inexplicit Impressions

Purpose and Method

Virtual Impression Network

Semantic Network

Structure Analysis

Experiment

Method

Results

Analysis

Preprocess

Analysis of the Structure of the Virtual Impression Network

Comparison with the Preliminary Experiment

Conclusion

References

Part VIII: Collaborative/Collective Design

Scaling Up: From Individual Design to Collaborative Design to Collective Design

Introduction

A Conceptual Space for Collective Design

The Representation Dimension

The Communication Dimension

The Motivation Dimension

Mapping Collective Intelligence to the Conceptual Space for Collective Design

Principles for Collective Design

Conclusions

References

Building Better Design Teams: Enhancing Group Affinity to Aid Collaborative Design

Introduction

Background and Context

The ConvoCons Approach

ConvoCons System Architecture

Methods

Framework for Measuring Affinity

Coding for Affinity

Results

Exit Survey

Completion Time – Log Data

Quantitative Evaluation of Video Data

Exit Interviews

Discussion

Conclusion

References

Measuring Cognitive Design Activity Changes during an Industry Team Brainstorming Session

Introduction

Quantifying Design Processes

The FBS Ontology

The Brainstorming Session

Qualitative Observations

Quantitative Observations

FBS Segmenting and Coding

Results

Producing Design Processes from a Linkograph

Team Design Processes

Comparing Design Process Distributions

Interactions between Team Members Measured through Processes

Changes in Interaction during Design Session

Conclusion

References

Part IX: Design Generation

Interactive, Visual 3D Spatial Grammars

Introduction

Background

Formalism

Grammar Interpreters

Existing Spatial Grammar Implementations

Challenges

Approach

Development of Spatial Grammar Rules

Application of Spatial Grammar Rules

Implementation

Examples

Discussion

Conclusion

References

A Graph Grammar Based Scheme for Generating and Evaluating Planar Mechanisms

Introduction – An Overview

Background

Graph Representation

Rules for Design Generation

Evaluation

Results: Rule Validity

Discussion

Conclusion

References

A Case Study of Script-Based Techniques in Urban Planning

Introduction

Significance

Overview

Computational Tools

Application of Computational Tools at Urban Scale

Application of Computational Tools at Building Scale

Low-Rise typology

Tower

Conclusion and Future Work

References

Complex Product Form Generation in Industrial Design: A Bookshelf Based on Voronoi Diagrams

Introduction

Background

Expanding the Morphologic Repertoire in Design

Form Generation in the Larger Context

Related Works on Generative Product Design Systems

Approach

Short on the Voronoi Structure

The Bookshelf

User Interaction

The Interface

Interface Evaluation

The General Search Algorithm

The GA Characteristics

Constraints, Objectives and Evaluation

Results

Conclusion and Further Research

References

A Computational Concept Generation Technique for Biologically-Inspired, Engineering Design

Introduction

Related Work

Supporting Design Tools

Functional Basis Design Language

Concept Generation Software-MEMIC and Design Repository

Organized Search Tool

Engineering-to-Biology Thesaurus

Computational Concept Generation Technique

Algorithm

Concept Generation Example

Smart Flooring

Discussion

Conclusions

References

First Author Email Address

Author Index