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Biomechanics of Training and Testing - Innovative Concepts and Simple Field Methods
von: Jean-Benoit Morin, Pierre Samozino
Springer-Verlag, 2018
ISBN: 9783319056333 , 313 Seiten
Format: PDF, OL
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 213,99 EUR
Acknowledgements
5
Contents
6
1 Introduction
8
1.1 Optimizing Sport Performance Is like Cooking
9
1.2 See the Big Picture First
10
1.3 Simple Models, Simple Methods
10
References
11
Cycling
12
2 Maximal Force-Velocity and Power-Velocity Characteristics in Cycling: Assessment and Relevance
13
Abstract
13
2.1 Introduction
14
2.2 Measurement of Mechanical Output (Force, Velocity and Power) During Sprint Pedaling
15
2.3 Maximal Force- and Power-Velocity Relationships in Cycling
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2.3.1 Testing and Processing
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2.3.2 Meaning of the Indexes Extracted from the Relationships
21
2.4 Methodological Consideration and Practical Advices
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2.4.1 Period of Averaging to Draw F-V or P-V Relationships and Duration of the Sprint
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2.4.2 Quality of the F-V and P-V Models: “Calculated” Versus “True” Data
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2.4.3 Main Factors to Control that may influence Maximal Power Output
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2.5 Field Measurement in Ecological Condition
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2.5.1 Mathematical Model of Sprint Cycling
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2.5.2 Direct Measurement with Portable System
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2.6 Conclusion
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References
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3 Mechanical Effectiveness and Coordination: New Insights into Sprint Cycling Performance
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Abstract
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3.1 Introduction
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3.2 Torque Profile and Concept of Mechanical Effectiveness
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3.2.1 Production of Power over the Pedaling Cycle
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3.2.2 Mechanical Effectiveness: The Orientation of Pedal Force
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3.3 Joint-Specific Power and Interest in Inverse Dynamics
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3.3.1 Approach and Principle
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3.3.2 Information Regarding Force and Power Capabilities in Cycling
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3.4 Muscle Activity and Muscle Coordination
51
3.4.1 The Specificity of Muscle Coordination in Sprint Cycling
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3.4.2 Coordination of Monoarticular and Biarticular Muscles
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3.4.3 Muscle Coordination and Torque–Velocity Relationship
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3.5 Practical Implications and Perspectives for Testing and Performance
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3.5.1 Pedaling Effectiveness, Muscle Coordination and Performance: What’s the Link?
58
3.5.2 Outcomes Regarding the Meaning of Force–Velocity and Power–Velocity Relationships in Cycling and Perspectives for Testing and Training
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3.6 Conclusion
64
References
65
Ballistic Movements of Upper and Lower Limbs
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4 A Simple Method for Measuring Lower Limb Force, Velocity and Power Capabilities During Jumping
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Abstract
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4.1 Introduction
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4.2 Force, Velocity, Power Mechanical Profile
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4.2.1 Force-Velocity and Power-Velocity Relationships in Jumping
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4.2.2 Force-Velocity Mechanical Profile in Jumping
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4.3 Reference Testing Methods
77
4.3.1 Methodological Considerations
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4.3.2 Laboratory Methods
79
4.3.3 Field Methods
82
4.3.4 Limitations of the Reference Methods
84
4.4 A Simple Method for Measuring Force, Velocity and Power During Jumping
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4.4.1 Theoretical Bases and Equations
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4.4.2 Limits of the Method
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4.4.3 Validation of the Method
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4.5 Technologies and Input Measurements
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4.5.1 Jump Height
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4.5.2 Push-off Distance
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4.6 Practical Applications
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4.7 Conclusion
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References
95
5 Optimal Force-Velocity Profile in Ballistic Push-off: Measurement and Relationship with Performance
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Abstract
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5.1 Introduction
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5.2 Force, Velocity, Power Capabilities & Performance
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5.2.1 Performance and Maximal Power Output
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5.2.2 Performance and Force-velocity Mechanical Profile
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5.2.3 Biomechanical Models Applied to Ballistic Push-off
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5.3 An Optimal Force-Velocity Mechanical Profile During Jumping
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5.3.1 Theoretical Bases and Equations of the Biomechanical Model
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5.3.2 Validation of the Model
108
5.3.3 Muscular Capabilities Determining Jumping Performance
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5.3.4 FV Imbalance & Performance
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5.4 Practical Applications
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5.4.1 F-v Profile & F-v Imbalance Indices
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5.4.2 FV Imbalance & Case Reports
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5.4.3 FV Profile and Training
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5.4.4 FV Imbalance, “Optimized” Training & Performance
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5.5 Conclusion
119
References
121
6 A Simple Method for Measuring Lower Limb Stiffness in Hopping
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Abstract
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6.1 Introduction
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6.2 Lower Limb Stiffness in Hopping
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6.2.1 The Mechanical Definition of Stiffness
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6.2.2 Spring-Like Leg Behaviour in Human Hopping
126
6.2.3 Modulation of Leg Stiffness in Hopping
128
6.2.4 Mechanisms for Regulating Leg Stiffness in Hopping
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6.2.5 Measurement of Leg Stiffness in Hopping: The Reference Methods
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6.2.6 Limitations of the Reference Methods
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6.3 A Simple Method for Measuring Leg Stiffness in Hopping
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6.3.1 Theoretical Foundations of the Method
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6.3.2 Experimental Validation of the Method
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6.3.3 Advantages and Limitations of the Method
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6.3.4 Application of the Method
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6.4 Conclusion
138
References
139
7 A Simple Method for Measuring Force, Velocity, Power and Force-Velocity Profile of Upper Limbs
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Abstract
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7.1 Introduction
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7.2 The Force, Velocity, Power Mechanical Profile
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7.2.1 Importance of the Upper Limb Inertia During the Bench Press
144
7.2.2 Consequence of the Upper Limb Inertia on the Force-Velocity Profile
147
7.3 A Simple Model of the Bench Press Exercise
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7.3.1 Importance of the Shoulder During the Bench Press
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7.3.2 A Simple Model Based on Three Segments: Shoulder, Arm and Forearm
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7.3.3 Kinematic Parameters
153
7.3.4 Kinetic Parameters—Validation of the Model
155
7.4 A Simple Method for Measuring Force, Velocity and Power During the Bench Press Exercise
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7.4.1 Theoretical Bases and Equations
156
7.4.2 Validation of the Method
158
7.4.3 Limits of the Method
159
7.4.4 Practical Applications
160
7.5 Conclusion
162
References
163
Running
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8 A Simple Method for Measuring Lower Limb Stiffness During Running
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Abstract
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8.1 Introduction
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8.2 The Spring-Mass Model of Running
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8.2.1 Spring Stiffness
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8.2.2 Spring-Mass Behavior During Bouncing and Running
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8.2.3 Spring-Mass Stiffness in Running: Definitions and Assumptions
171
8.2.4 Reference Methods and Typical Values
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8.2.5 Limitations of the Reference Methods
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8.3 A Simple Method for Measuring Stiffness During Running
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8.3.1 Theoretical Bases and Equations
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8.3.2 Validation of the Method
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8.3.3 Input Variables and Importance of Contact Time
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8.3.4 Limits of the Method
181
8.4 Technologies and Input Measurements
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8.5 Applications
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8.5.1 Sprint Running
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8.5.2 Ultra-endurance
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References
192
9 A Simple Method for Determining Foot Strike Pattern During Running
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Abstract
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9.1 Introduction: Why Evaluate Foot Strike Pattern?
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9.1.1 Foot Strike Pattern and Running-Related Injuries
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9.1.2 Foot Strike Pattern and Performance
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9.2 Existing Methods to Evaluate Foot Strike Pattern: Definitions and Limits
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9.2.1 Measurement of Foot Strike Angle by 2D Motion Analysis
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9.2.2 Measurement of Foot Strike Index from Kinetics
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9.3 A Novel Field Method Based on Acceleration Measurements
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9.3.1 Material and Data Analysis
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9.3.2 Reliability
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9.4 Field Applications
203
References
209
10 The Measurement of Sprint Mechanics Using Instrumented Treadmills
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Abstract
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10.1 Introduction
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10.2 Devices
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10.2.1 Early Non-motorized Treadmills
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10.2.2 Modern Non-motorized Treadmills
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10.2.3 Motorized Treadmills
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10.2.4 Motorized Treadmills Equipped with Force Sensors
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10.3 Sprint Acceleration Mechanics on a Motorized Instrumented Treadmill
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10.3.1 Kinematics and Kinetics
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10.3.2 Force-Velocity and Power-Velocity Relationships
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10.3.3 Effectiveness of Ground Force Application
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10.4 Limitations and Future Studies
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10.4.1 Main Limitations
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10.4.2 Latest Studies and Future Research
233
References
234
11 A Simple Method for Measuring Force, Velocity and Power Capabilities and Mechanical Effectiveness During Sprint Running
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Abstract
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11.1 Introduction
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11.2 Theoretical Bases and Equations
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11.3 Limits of the Method
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11.4 Validation of the Method
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11.4.1 Concurrent Validity Compared to Force Plate Measurements
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11.4.2 Reliability
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11.5 Technologies and Input Measurements
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11.5.1 Split Times
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11.5.2 Instantaneous Velocity
252
11.6 Practical Applications
256
11.6.1 Testing Considerations
256
11.6.2 Data Interpretation
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11.6.3 Optimization of Sprint Acceleration Performance
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11.6.4 Hamstring Injury Prevention and Monitoring of the Return to Sport
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11.6.5 Better Understanding of the Limit of Human Sprinting Performance
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11.7 Conclusion
265
References
266
12 The Energy Cost of Sprint Running and the Energy Balance of Current World Records from 100 to 5000 m
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Abstract
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12.1 Introduction
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12.2 The Energy Cost of Sprint Running
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12.3 Theory
272
12.4 Methods
275
12.5 Metabolic Power and Overall Energy Expenditure
277
12.6 Aerobic Versus Anaerobic Energy Expenditure
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12.7 Discussion
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12.8 Critique of Methods
288
12.9 Conclusions and Practical Remarks
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Acknowledgements
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Appendix
292
References
295
13 Metabolic Power and Oxygen Consumption in Soccer: Facts and Theories
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Abstract
298
13.1 Introduction
299
13.2 Theory
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13.3 Metabolic Power and Oxygen Consumption
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13.4 The Role of the Energy Cost in Setting Metabolic Power Estimates
306
13.5 The Limits of Metabolic Power Assessment
311
13.6 Conclusions
312
Acknowledgements
312
References
312
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