Suchen und Finden
0001096886.pdf
1
Anchor 1
6
Anchor 2
5
Anchor 3
8
Anchor 4
11
0001096871.pdf
14
Chapter 1
14
Presentation and Pathophysiology of Seizures in the Critical Care Environment: An Overview
14
1.1. Introduction
14
1.2. Cellular Pathphysiology of ICU Seizures
20
1.3. Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
23
1.4. Overview of Status Epilepticus
25
1.5. Paroxysmal Lateralizing Epileptiform Discharges (PLEDS)
28
1.6. Conclusion
29
References
29
0001096872.pdf
34
Chapter 2
34
Diagnosing and Monitoring Seizures in the ICU: The Role of Continuous EEG for Detection and Management of Seizures in Critica
34
2.1. Introduction
34
2.2. How To Monitor
35
2.3. Data Analysis
39
2.4. Who To Monitor
43
2.5. What To Look For
44
2.6. Why Monitor
49
2.7. How Long To Monitor
50
2.8. Future Directions
50
2.9. Summary
53
References
55
0001096873.pdf
61
Chapter 3
61
Stroke and Critical Care Seizures
61
3.1. Introduction
61
3.2. Seizures After Ischemic Stroke
62
3.2.1. Clinical Studies
62
3.2.2. Status Epilepticus
72
3.2.3. Pathophysiology
73
3.2.4. EEG Findings
77
3.2.5. Neuroimaging
78
3.2.6. Seizures Post Stroke in the Young and the Elderly
81
3.2.7. Treatment of Post-Ischemic Stroke Seizures
82
3.3. Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH)
85
3.3.1. Clinical Studies
85
3.3.2. SE Following ICH
90
3.3.3. Pathophysiology of Seizures Post ICH
91
3.3.4. Treatment of Seizures Post ICH
91
3.4. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
93
3.4.1. Clinical Studies
93
3.4.2. Treatment of Seizures after SAH
98
3.5. Arteriovenous Malformations
103
3.5.1. Clinical Studies
103
3.5.2. Treatment of AVM-Related Seizures
105
3.6. Reperfusion–Hyperperfusion Syndrome
109
3.7. Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis
113
3.7.1. Clinical Studies
113
3.7.2. Treatment of Seizures Related to CVT
117
References
118
0001096874.pdf
131
Chapter 4
131
Traumatic Brain Injury and Seizures in the ICU
131
4.1. Introduction
131
4.2. Incidence of Seizures in Traumatic Brain Injury
132
4.3. Experimental Approaches to Posttraumatic Seizures
136
4.4. Pathophysiology of Posttraumatic Seizures
137
4.5. Diagnosis of Seizures
138
4.6. Treatment of Posttraumatic Seizures
140
4.7. Outcome of Seizures Complicating TBI
143
4.8. Conclusions
143
References
144
0001096875.pdf
149
Chapter 5
149
Brain Tumors and ICU Seizures
149
5.1. Introduction
149
5.2. Incidence
150
5.3. Clinical Presentation
151
5.4. Pathophysiology
152
5.5. Evaluation of Patients with ICU Seizures
155
5.6. Treatment
158
5.6.1. Prophylactic Administration of Antiepileptics
158
5.6.2. Treatment of Seizures in the ICU
161
5.7. Outcome
164
References
164
0001096876.pdf
169
Chapter 6
169
Global Hypoxia–Ischemia and Critical Care Seizures
169
6.1. Introduction
169
6.2. Epidemiology
170
6.3. Pathophysiology
170
6.3.1. Pathological and Chemical Changes in Hypoxic–Ischemic Injury and Seizures
170
6.3.2. Myoclonus in Hypoxic–Ischemic Coma
172
6.3.3. Lance–Adams Syndrome
172
6.4. Clinical Presentation
172
6.4.1. Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
172
6.4.2. Focal and Complex Partial Seizures
173
6.4.3. Myoclonus
173
6.4.4. Lance–Adams Syndrome
174
6.5. Laboratory Investigation
175
6.5.1. Electroencephalography
175
6.5.2. Electromyography
176
6.5.3. Somatosensory-Evoked Potentials
177
6.5.4. Brain Imaging
178
6.5.5. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
178
6.6. Differential Diagnosis
178
6.7. Treatment
180
6.7.1. General Considerations
180
6.7.2. Simple and Complex Partial Seizures
181
6.7.3. Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
181
6.7.4. Myoclonus
181
6.7.5. Prophylactic Anticonvulsant Use
181
6.7.6. Lance–Adams Syndrome
182
6.7.7. Supportive Management
182
6.8. Prognosis and Outcomes
182
6.9. Hypothermia and Seizures after Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest
183
References
186
0001096877.pdf
191
Chapter 7
191
Seizures in Fulminant Hepatic Failure, Multiorgan Failure, and Endocrine Crisis
191
7.1. Introduction
191
7.2. Organ Failure
192
7.2.1. Hepatic Failure
192
7.2.1.1. Treatment of Seizures in Hepatic Failure
194
7.2.2. Renal Failure
196
7.2.2.1. Introduction
196
7.2.2.2. Uremic Encephalopathy
197
7.2.2.3. Dialysis Dysequilibrium Syndrome
198
7.2.2.4. Subdural Hematoma
198
7.2.2.5. Dialysis Dementia
198
7.2.2.6. Drug Induced Seizures
198
7.2.2.7. Treatment of Seizures Related to Renal Failure
199
7.3. Endocrine Disease
200
7.3.1. Thyroid Disease
200
7.3.2. Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Homeostasis
201
7.3.3. Pituitary Hormones
202
7.3.4. Sex Hormones
203
7.3.5. Parathyroid Hormones
203
7.3.6. Adrenal Glands
204
References
208
0001096878.pdf
214
Chapter 8
214
Seizures in Organ Transplant Recipients
214
8.1. Incidence of Seizures in Transplant Patients
214
8.1.1. Liver Transplant
214
8.1.2. Bone Marrow Transplant
215
8.1.3. Heart Transplantation
216
8.1.4. Kidney Transplantation
216
8.1.5. Lung Transplantation
217
8.1.6. Pancreas Transplantation
217
8.2. Clinical Evaluation of Patients
217
8.3. Etiology of Seizures in Transplant Patients
218
8.3.1. Immunosuppression Drugs
219
8.3.2. Cyclosporin
220
8.3.3. Tacrolimus (FK-506)
221
8.3.4. Muromonab-CD3 (OKT3)
221
8.3.5. Carmustine and Busulfan
221
8.4. Diagnostic Evaluation
221
8.5. Management of Seizures
222
8.5.1. Antiepileptic Drugs
223
8.5.2. AED Interaction with Immunosuppression
224
8.5.2.1. Management Considerations in Kidney Failure Patients
225
8.5.2.2. Management Considerations in Liver Failure Patients
225
8.6. Case Studies
225
8.6.1. Case Study: #1
225
8.6.2. Case Study: #2
226
References
228
0001096879.pdf
230
Chapter 9
230
Extreme Hypertension, Eclampsia and Critical Care Seizures
230
9.1. Introduction
230
9.2. Hypertension and Pregnancy
231
9.2.1. Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia
231
9.2.1.1. Epidemiology
232
9.2.1.2. Pathophysiology
232
9.2.1.3. Clinical Presentation
232
9.2.1.4. Electrographic and Radiographic Features
233
9.2.1.5. Management
233
9.2.2. HELLP Syndrome
235
9.3. Hypertensive Encephalopathy
235
9.3.1. Epidemiology
235
9.3.2. Clinical Features
235
9.3.3. Pathophysiology
236
9.3.4. Electrographic and Radiographic Features
237
9.3.5. Management of Hypertensive Encephalopathy
237
9.4. Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome
239
9.4.1. Clinical Features
239
9.4.2. Pathophysiology
239
9.4.3. Radiological Features
239
9.4.4. Management
240
References
240
0001096880.pdf
243
Chapter 10
243
Infection or Inflammation and ICU Seizures
243
10.1. Introduction
243
10.2. CNS Infectious Disorders
244
10.2.1. Meningitis
244
10.2.2. Encephalitis
246
10.2.2.1. Japanese Encephalitis
247
10.2.2.2. Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
248
10.2.2.3. West Nile Virus Encephalitis
249
10.2.3. Brain Abscess
250
10.2.4. Intracranial Extra-Axial Pyogenic Infections
251
10.2.5. Ventriculitis
252
10.2.6. HIV Infection and Seizures
253
10.3. Vasculitides
257
10.3.1. Necrotizing Vasculitides
257
10.3.1.1. Wegner’s Granulomatosis
258
10.3.1.2. Polyarteritis Nodosa
258
10.3.1.3. Churg–Strauss Syndrome
258
10.3.2. Vasculitides Associated with Connective Tissue Disease
258
10.3.2.1. SLE
258
10.3.2.2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
261
10.3.2.3. Scleroderma
261
10.3.2.4. Sjogren’s Syndrome (SS)
261
10.3.2.5. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
261
10.3.3. Vasculitis Associated with Other Systemic Diseases
261
10.3.3.1. Behçet Disease
261
10.3.3.2. Sarcoidosis
262
References
264
0001096881.pdf
272
Chapter 11
272
Electrolyte Disturbances and Critical Care Seizures
272
11.1. Introduction
272
11.2. Mechanisms for Ion Regulation and Effects of Concentration Changes
273
11.2.1. Potassium
273
11.2.2. Acid–Base Status
273
11.2.3. Osmotic Effects
274
11.3. Sodium Imbalance
274
11.3.1. Hyponatremia
274
11.3.1.1. Acute Hyponatremia in the ICU
278
11.3.2. Hypernatremia
279
11.4. Hypomagnesemia
280
11.5. Disorders of Calcium Homeostasis
283
11.5.1. Hypocalcemia
283
11.5.2. Hypercalcemia
284
11.6. Hypophosphatemia
285
11.7. Summary
286
References
287
0001096882.pdf
292
Chapter 12
292
Alcohol-Related Seizures in the Intensive Care Unit
292
12.1. Introduction
292
12.2. Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
293
12.2.1. Minor Alcohol Withdrawal
293
12.2.2. Alcohol Hallucinosis
293
12.2.3. Delirium Tremens
293
12.3. Alcohol-Related Seizures
294
12.3.1. Differential Diagnosis
295
12.3.1.1. Sample Case
298
12.3.2. Alcohol-Related Status Epilepticus
298
12.4. Pathophysiology of Alcohol-Related Seizures
300
12.5. Comorbid Medical Conditions
302
12.6. Evaluation
303
12.7. Treatment
304
12.7.1. Supportive Care
305
12.7.2. Benzodiazepines
307
12.7.3. Antiepileptic Medications
308
12.7.4. Antihypertensive Agents
309
12.7.5. Haloperidol
310
12.7.6. Propofol
310
12.7.7. Barbiturates
310
12.7.8. Intravenous Alcohol
310
12.7.9. Alcohol-Related Status Epilepticus
310
12.7.10. Outpatient Treatment
311
References
311
0001096883.pdf
316
Chapter 13
316
Drug-Induced Seizures in Critically Ill Patients
316
13.1. Introduction
316
13.1.1. Epidemiology
317
13.1.2. Risk Factors
318
13.1.3. Prevention
318
13.2. Causative Agents
319
13.2.1. Analgesics
320
13.2.1.1. Opioids
320
13.2.1.2. Salicylates
322
13.2.2. Anesthetics
322
13.2.2.1. General Anesthetics
322
13.2.2.2. Local Anesthetics
323
13.2.3. Antiepileptic Agents
324
13.2.4. Antimicrobial Agents
326
13.2.4.1. Beta-Lactams
327
13.2.4.2. Carbapenems
328
13.2.4.3. Fluoroquinolones
329
13.2.4.4. Isoniazid
329
13.2.4.5. Metronidazole
330
13.2.5. Antiviral Agents
330
13.2.6. Bronchodilators
331
13.2.7. Immunosuppressive Agents
332
13.2.8. Chemotherapeutic Agents
333
13.2.9. Psychotropic Agents
333
13.2.9.1. Antipsychotic Agents
334
13.2.9.2. Antidepressants
335
Tricyclic Antidepressants
336
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
336
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
337
Bupropion
337
Miscellaneous Antidepressants
337
13.2.9.3. Lithium
337
13.2.10. Stimulants
338
13.2.11. Drug Withdrawal
339
13.2.12. Miscellaneous Agents
339
13.3. Treatment
340
13.3.1. Summary
340
References
340
0001096884.pdf
350
Chapter 14
350
Critical Care Seizures Related to Illicit Drugs and Toxins
350
14.1. Introduction
350
14.2. Illicit Drugs
350
14.2.1. Opiates
351
14.2.2. Sedatives and Hypnotics
352
14.2.3. Stimulants
353
14.2.4. Solvents
353
14.2.5. Hallucinogens
354
14.3. Epileptogenic Environmental Toxins
354
14.3.1. Marine Toxins
354
14.3.2. Mushroom and Plant Toxins
355
14.3.3. Carbon Monoxide
356
14.3.4. Heavy Metals
357
14.3.4.1. Introduction
357
14.3.4.2. Lead
357
14.3.4.3. Mercury
358
14.3.4.4. Tin
358
References
359
0001096885.pdf
364
Chapter 15
364
Management of Status Epilepticus and Critical Care Seizures
364
15.1. Introduction
364
15.2. Definition
365
15.3. Classification
366
15.4. Incidence and Clinical Presentation
367
15.5. Etiology
369
15.6. Pathophysiology
370
15.7. Differential Diagnosis
373
15.8. EEG
375
15.8.1. Indications and Timing
375
15.8.2. EEG Findings in SE
375
15.8.2.1. Generalized Convulsive SE
375
15.8.2.2. Generalized NCSE or Absence Status
376
15.8.2.3. Complex Partial Status
376
15.8.2.4. Focal Motor Status
376
15.8.2.5. Tonic Status
376
15.8.2.6. Myoclonic Status
376
15.8.2.7. NCSE vs. Metabolic Encephalopathy
377
15.9. Outcome
378
15.10. Goals of ICU Management of Seizures and SE
379
15.10.1. Emergent Medical Management
380
15.10.2. Termination of Seizures and Prevention of Recurrence of Seizures
381
15.10.3. Rationale for Using Specific Anti-Epileptic Medications
383
15.10.4. Medications Used to Control ICU Seizures and SE (Table 15-9)
386
15.10.4.1. Benzodiazepines
386
Introduction
386
Diazepam
386
Lorazepam
387
Midazolam
387
15.10.4.2. Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin
389
15.10.4.3. Valproic Acid (VPA)
390
15.10.4.4. Barbiturates
394
Issues with High Barbiturate Dose Use in the ICU
394
Depth and Duration of Barbiturate Coma
395
Phenobarbital
396
Thiopental
396
Pentobarbital
397
15.10.4.5. Propofol
398
15.10.4.6. Ketamine
399
15.10.4.7. Isoflurane
399
15.10.4.8. Other Less Commonly Used Medications for SE
400
15.10.5. Newer Antiepileptics in the Treatment of Prolonged Seizures or SE (Table 15-11)
401
15.10.5.1. Introduction
401
15.10.5.2. Felbamate
402
15.10.5.3. Gabapentin
402
15.10.5.4. Lamotrigine
402
15.10.5.5. Levetiracetam
403
15.10.5.6. Zonisamide
405
15.10.5.7. Topiramate
405
15.10.5.8. Tiagabine
406
15.10.5.9. Carbamazepine (CBZ) and Oxcarbazepine (OXC)
406
15.10.5.10. Pregabalin
407
15.10.5.11. Lacosamide
407
15.10.6. Hypothermia
408
15.10.7. Resective Surgery
408
15.10.8. Brain Stimulation
409
15.10.9. Prevention and Treatment of Complications
409
15.11. Management of Focal SE
411
15.12. Management of NCSE
412
15.13. Management of Seizures and SE with Antiepileptics in ICU Patients with Organ Dysfunction
414
15.13.1. Hepatic Failure
414
15.13.2. Renal Failure
415
15.13.3. HematoPoetic Dysfunction
416
15.14. Drug Interaction in the ICU
416
References
418
0001096887.pdf
432
Alle Preise verstehen sich inklusive der gesetzlichen MwSt.