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Preface
4
Acknowledgements
6
Contents
7
1 Introduction
10
1.1 Strategic Management of IT Landscapes
11
1.2 Navigating This Book
12
1.3 Who Should Read This Book?
13
1.4 Scope of This Book, Further Reading
14
2 Strategic Planning of IT
15
2.1 Scope and Definition
16
2.2 Role of IT in the Organisation
19
2.2.0.0 What Part Does Your IT Play in the Enterprise?
19
2.2.0.0 What is the Current Performance Potential of IT?
23
2.3 Strategic Positioning of IT
24
2.3.0.0 ''Where Do We Want to Go'' or ''How Does IT Wish to Position Itself in the Future''?
25
2.3.0.0 What Performance Potential can IT Deliver in the Future?
29
2.4 Strategic Objectives
30
2.4.1 Deriving IT Goals
31
2.4.1.0 Example for Deriving IT Goals
32
2.4.2 Principles for Strategic Guidance
34
2.4.3 Strategies to Underpin Goal Achievement
39
2.4.3.0 Application Strategy Dependent on Business Process Classification
41
2.4.3.0 Application Portfolio Matrix ''Strategy Contribution/Value Contribution'', Based on Ward/Peppard [War02]
43
2.4.3.0 Application Portfolio Mapping ''Technical Quality'' Against ''Business Value'', Based on Maizilish/Handler [Mai05]
46
2.4.3.0 Application Portfolio ''Business Value/Technological Appropriateness'', Based on [Buc05]
48
2.5 IT Strategy
50
2.5.1 Content of an IT Strategy
51
2.5.2 IT Strategy Document
53
2.5.3 Guidelines for IT Strategy in Practice
55
2.5.3.0 I. Collect and Consolidate Statements on What Is Required of IT, and What Constraints and Conditions Need to Be Observed
57
2.5.3.0 II. Describe the Current Status of All IT Assets and Document What Action Needs to Be Taken
58
2.5.3.0 III. Conduct a General Situation Appraisal
58
2.5.3.0 IV. Strategic Positioning
58
2.5.3.0 V. Define the Strategic Objectives (IT Goals, Principles and Strategies)
58
2.5.3.0 VI. Design the To-be Status and Roadmap for Implementation
59
2.5.3.0 VII. Define Control Metrics and the Measurement and Control System
60
2.5.3.0 VIII. Define Your IT Organisation and Processes
60
2.5.3.0 IX. Actions and Investment Planning
61
3 Enterprise Architecture
63
3.1 Scope and Definition
64
3.2 Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
67
3.2.0.0 TOGAF
70
3.2.0.0 EA Frameworks in Summary
73
3.3 Best-Practice Enterprise Architecture
73
3.3.1 Information Timeliness and Granularity
75
3.3.2 Constituents of Best-Practice Enterprise Architecture
78
3.3.2.1 Business Landscape Model
78
3.3.2.1 Building Blocks
79
3.3.2.1 Graphical Presentation
82
3.3.2.2 Application Landscape Model
86
3.3.2.2 Building Blocks
86
3.3.2.2 Graphical Presentation
88
3.3.2.3 Technical Landscape Model
93
3.3.2.4 Infrastructure Landscape Model
93
3.3.3 Landscape Planning Status
95
3.4 Business Landscape Management
97
3.4.0.0 Structures of Business Landscape Management
98
3.4.0.0 Roles and Processes in Business Landscape Management
100
3.4.0.0 Business Reference Models
100
3.5 Views of the Enterprise Architecture
105
3.5.0.0 Beneficiaries
105
3.5.0.0 Enterprise Architects
108
3.5.0.0 Data Providers
109
3.6 Guidelines for Personalisation of Best-Practice Enterprise Architecture in Practice
110
4 IT Landscape Management
113
4.1 Scope and Definition
114
4.1.0.0 Interaction with Enterprise Architecture
115
4.1.0.0 Integration into Enterprise Architecture Planning Levels
116
4.1.0.0 Strategic Objectives as a Guide and Frame of Reference
117
4.2 Objectives and Benefits
117
4.2.0.0 Create Transparency Across the Current IT Landscape
118
4.2.0.0 Provide Relevant Information Promptly, Filtered and Composed According to the Needs of Each Stakeholder Group
119
4.2.0.0 Create a Basis for Communicating and Aligning with Business
120
4.2.0.0 Effectively Plan and Control Evolutionary Development of the IT Landscape
121
4.2.0.0 Benefits of IT Landscape Management
121
4.2.0.0 Can the Qualitative Benefit Also be Quantified?
122
4.3 Constituents of IT Landscape Management
123
4.3.1 Elements of Application Landscapes
123
4.3.1.0 Applications
125
4.3.1.0 Interfaces
129
4.3.1.0 Information Objects
131
4.3.2 Relationships in Application Landscapes
133
4.3.2.0 Relationships of the Application Landscape Model to the Business Landscape Model
134
4.3.2.0 Relationships of the Application Landscape Model with the Blueprint
136
4.3.2.0 Relationships of Application Landscape Model to Infrastructure Landscape Model
136
4.3.2.0 Relationships to the Project Portfolio
137
4.4 IT Landscape Management Processes
138
4.4.1 Documenting the IT Landscape
138
4.4.1.0 Lifecycle of Documentation
139
4.4.1.0 Maintenance Concept
140
4.4.1.0 Modelling Guidelines
145
4.4.2 Analysing the IT Landscape
148
4.4.2.0 Diagrams
151
4.4.2.0 Analysis Patterns
159
4.4.2.0 Example Analysis Pattern
161
4.4.3 IT Landscape Planning
165
4.4.3.0 ''Local'' Landscape Planning
166
4.4.3.0 Business Transformations
169
4.4.3.0 Deliverable Document: Landscape Modelling
172
4.4.3.1 To-be Landscape Modelling
172
4.4.3.1 Analysis
174
4.4.3.1 Design
175
4.4.3.1 Overview of the Process
176
4.4.3.1 Planning Patterns for to-be Landscape Modelling
178
4.4.3.1 Landscape Planning Pattern: Example
180
4.4.3.2 Deduce Implementation Scenarios
185
4.4.3.2 Deriving the Planned Landscape: Analysis Activities
186
4.4.3.2 Deriving the Planned Landscape: Design Activities
187
4.4.3.2 Overview of the Process
189
4.4.3.2 Pattern for Deriving the Planned Landscape Model
191
4.4.4 Governing the Further Development of the IT Landscape
193
4.5 Establish Organisational Change
195
4.5.1 Roles and Responsibilities
195
4.5.2 Integration into Processes of IT and Decision Making
198
4.5.2.0 Integrating Update Processes
199
4.5.2.0 Involvement in Decision-Making Boards
201
4.5.3 Maturity Level of IT Landscape Management
202
4.5.3.0 ''Initial'' Level
206
4.5.3.0 ''First Steps'' Level
207
4.5.3.0 ''Transparency'' Level
209
4.5.3.0 ''Advanced'' Level
211
4.5.3.0 ''Well-Established'' Level
211
4.5.3.0 Dependency Between Objectives and Levels of Maturity
212
4.6 Guidelines for Personalisation of IT Landscape Management in Practice
214
4.6.1 Conception of IT Landscape Management
216
4.6.1.0 I. Determine Status Quo
216
4.6.1.0 II. Identify the Relevant Beneficiaries, and Determine What Their Goals and Areas of Concern Are
217
4.6.1.0 III. Analyse Data Procurement
218
4.6.1.0 IV. Establish Your Enterprise Architecture
220
4.6.1.0 V. Define the Maintenance Concept, Processes and Tool Support, and Determine How IT Landscape Management Is to Fit into Organisational Structures
223
4.6.2 Sampling and Optimising
223
4.6.3 Anchoring IT Landscape Management in the Organisation
223
5 Technical Standardisation
226
5.1 Scope and Definition
227
5.1.0.0 What Contribution Does Technical Standardisation Make to Strategic IT Planning?
227
5.2 Objectives of Technical Standardisation
229
5.3 Elements of a Standardisation Catalogue
230
5.3.1 Architectural Domains
232
5.3.2 Technical Components
235
5.4 Technical Standardisation Processes
240
5.4.1 Maintaining, Providing and Communicating the Blueprint
241
5.4.2 IT Innovation Management
242
5.4.3 Strategic Evolution of Technical Standards
245
5.4.4 Enacting Standardisation
248
5.4.5 Directing Compliance with Technical Standards
249
5.5 Organisational Structures
249
5.5.1 Roles and Responsibilities
250
5.5.2 Entities, Boards and Integration into Processes in IT and Decision-Making
251
5.5.2.0 Blueprint Board
251
5.5.2.0 Project Support
252
5.5.2.0 Quality Assurance Measures
252
5.5.3 Maturity of IT in Terms of Technical Standardisation
253
5.5.3.0 Entrance
253
5.5.3.0 ''Black-Box'' Standardisation
254
5.5.3.0 ''White-Box'' Standardisation
254
5.5.3.0 Dependency Between Objectives and Degrees of Maturity
256
5.6 Guidelines for Technical Standardisation in Practice
259
5.6.0.0 I. Estimate the Maturity Level
260
5.6.0.0 II. Conceptual Design
261
5.6.0.0 III. Filling the Blueprint
263
5.6.0.0 IV. Embedding in the Organisation
264
5.7 Technical standardisation prerequisites for success:
266
6 EAM Governance
268
6.1 Scope and Definition
269
6.2 IT Organisation
271
6.2.1 Collaboration Model Between Business and IT
271
6.2.2 Form of Organisation
273
6.2.2.0 Central or Decentral IT Organisation
274
6.2.2.0 Sourcing Strategy
278
6.2.2.0 Globalisation
281
6.2.3 Decision Boards
283
6.2.3.0 How to Arrive at a Decision Structure Appropriate for Your Enterprise
287
6.2.4 Changing the IT Organisation
290
6.3 Strategic Control Toolkits
292
6.3.0.0 Strategic IT Controlling
293
6.3.0.0 IT Cost Control
296
6.3.0.0 Governing the Further Development of the IT Landscape
297
6.3.1 Control Indicators
299
6.3.1.0 Indicators for Managing the IT Landscape
303
6.3.1.0 Procedure for Selecting Indicators
307
6.3.2 Decision-Making Groups and Their Information Needs
310
6.3.2.0 Establishing a Control Toolkit
313
6.3.2.0 Introducing a Control Toolkit
317
Literature
319
Abbreviations
340
Index
342
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