Climate Change and Sustainable Urban Development in Africa and Asia

Foreword

Preface

Contents

About the Contributors

Part I:Introduction

Chapter 1: Africa and Asia: Two of the World’s Fastest Growing Regions

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Understanding Africa

1.3 Understanding Asia

1.4 The Chapters

References

Part II:Climate Change and Urban Development

Chapter 2: Climate Change and Living Cities: Global Problems with Local Solutions

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Climate Change – Current Trends

2.2.1 Urbanisation and Growing Cities

2.3 How Cities Contribute Towards Climate Change

2.3.1 Impact of Climate Change on Cities

2.3.1.1 Impact on Health

2.3.1.2 Impact on Food Production

2.3.1.3 Impact on Coastal Areas

2.3.1.4 Impact on Water Resources

2.3.1.5 Impact on Infrastructure, Economic Growth and Development

2.4 Global Issues, Local Solutions

2.4.1 Mitigation and Adaptation

2.4.1.1 Adaptation

2.4.1.2 Mitigation

2.5 Living Cities – Better Governance and Better Infrastructure1

2.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Climate Change in the Context of Urban Development in Africa

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Africa and Climate Change

3.3 Urbanization and Urban Growth Trends in Africa

3.3.1 Impacts of Climate Change in the Context of African Urbanization

3.3.1.1 Agriculture and Food Security

3.3.1.2 Water, Sea Level Rise and Coastal Zones

3.3.2 Human Health

3.3.3 Rural–Urban Migration

3.4 Climate Change, Urban Development, and Adaptation: Policy Implications for Africa

3.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: A Region of Contrasts: Urban Development, Housing and Poverty in Asia

4.1 Introduction

4.2 An Urbanizing Region

4.3 Managing Urban Development

4.4 Urban Poverty Reduction

4.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: The Effects of Climate Change on Urban Human Settlements in Africa

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Africa – General Overview

5.3 The Impact of Climate Change on Urban Human Settlements in Africa

5.3.1 Impacts of Climate Change on African Urban Settlements

5.3.2 Impacts of Climate Change and Natural Disasters on Urban Settlements

5.3.3 The Impacts of Flooding

5.3.4 Who Are the Worst Affected Urbanites?

5.4 The Rise of Sea Level and Impact on Urban Human Settlements

5.4.1 Constraints on Water Supplies and Other Key Natural Resources

5.4.1.1 Climate Change and Its Effects on Rural – Urban Migration

5.4.2 Impact on Human Health

5.4.2.1 Threats to City’s Infrastructure and Property

5.4.2.2 Water Pollution

5.4.2.3 Air Pollution

5.4.2.4 Dust and Sand Storm

5.4.2.5 Drought

5.4.2.6 Higher Temperatures and Heat Waves

5.4.2.7 Food Security

5.5 Government Response to Climate Change at the City Level

5.6 General Efforts to Combat Climate Change Effects in the African Continent

5.6.1 International Agreements

5.6.2 Regional Initiatives and Programmes

5.6.3 Action at City Level: Current Experiences and Lessons on Adaptation

5.6.4 The Built Environment

5.6.5 Climate Change and Urban Planning and Design Adaptation

5.6.6 Energy Supply and Consumption

5.6.7 Managing High Temperatures

5.6.8 Managing Flood Risks

5.6.9 Managing Water Resources and Quality

5.6.10 Transport and Climate Change in African Cities

5.6.11 Lure People from Cars to Non-motorised Transport (NMT)

5.6.12 Planning for Pedestrians

5.6.12.1 Natural Disaster Preparedness

5.7 Conclusion and Recommendations

References

Part III:Climate Change and Housing:Case Studies from Africa and Asia

Chapter 6: Climate Change and the Housing Environment in Ghana

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Geographical Location and Socioeconomic Trends

6.3 Recent Trends in Climate Change in Ghana, and Other Major Concerns

6.4 Urban Housing in Ghana

6.5 Climate Change and Housing in Ghanaian Cities

6.6 Lessons Learnt and Recommendations

References

Chapter 7: Creating a Sustainable Living Environment for Public Housing in Singapore

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Sustainable Development and Public Housing in Singapore

7.2.1 Impetus for Sustainable Development – Effects of Climate Change

7.2.2 Overview of Public Housing in Singapore

7.2.2.1 Sustainable Development Strategies for Public Housing

7.2.3 Comprehensive Town Planning Process

7.2.4 Integrated Development Process

7.2.4.1 Design

7.2.4.2 Construction

7.2.4.3 Maintenance

7.2.5 Community Involvement

7.2.6 Research and Development Excellence

7.3 Mitigating Climate Change

7.3.1 Promoting Energy Efficiency

7.3.1.1 Optimising Passive Design Strategies

7.3.1.2 Active Design Strategies

7.3.1.3 Test-Bedding of Renewable Energy Sources

7.3.2 Reducing Urban Heat Island Effect

7.3.3 Promoting Sustainable Construction

7.4 Driving Sustainable Development Efforts to New Heights

7.4.1 Eco-Precinct

7.4.2 Eco-Districts

7.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: Climatic Change and Housing Issues in South Africa

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Geographical Location and Socio-Economic Trends

8.2.1 Socio-Economic Trends

8.3 Development Policy Framework

8.4 Global Climate Agreements

8.5 Environmental Policy Goals of South Africa

8.5.1 Analysis of the Effects and Causes of Climate Change

8.6 Housing Policy and Strategy in Post-Apartheid South Africa

8.7 Impact of Climate Change on Housing and Human Settlements

8.8 Achievements of Policies and Major Challenges

8.8.1 Institutional Arrangements to Combat Climate Change

8.8.1.1 The National Environmental Advisory Forum

8.8.1.2 The Committee for Environmental Co-ordination

8.9 Lessons Learnt

8.9.1 Poorly Located Land

8.9.2 Squatting

8.9.3 Sub-Tenants and Backyard Shack Dwellers

8.10 Conclusion

References

Chapter 9: Climate Change and Sustainable Housing in Uganda

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Geographical Location

9.2.1 Socioeconomic Trends

9.3 Recent Trends in Climatic Change

9.3.1 Global Climate Agreements and Their Impact on Uganda

9.3.1.1 Evidence of Climatic Change in Uganda

9.3.1.2 Climatic Change and the Major Concerns

9.3.1.3 Analysis of the Causes and Effects of Climate Change

9.3.1.4 Effects or Impacts of Climate Change on Housing and Liveable Cities

9.4 Environmental Policy Goals in Uganda

9.4.1 Achievements of These Goals and Major Challenges

9.4.1.1 Institutional Arrangements to Combat Climate Change in Uganda

9.5 Lessons Learnt and Recommendations

9.5.1 Uganda’s Progress on MDGs

9.5.1.1 Possible Initiatives at the City/Country Levels

9.5.1.2 Mitigation and Adaptation Initiatives

9.6 Recommendations and Experiences

References

Chapter 10: Housing and Climate Change: Adaptation Strategies in Vietnam

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Vietnam’s Development and Climate

10.2.1 Geographical Location and Socioeconomic Trends

10.2.2 Climate and Recent Trends in Climate Change

10.3 Global Climate Agreements and Their Impact on Vietnam

10.3.1 Climate Change and Major Concerns

10.3.1.1 Impacts of Climate Change on Economic Development and the Poor

10.3.1.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Housing and Liveable Cities

10.3.1.3 Institutional Arrangement to Combat Climate Change in Vietnam

10.4 Vietnam’s Policy on Environment

10.4.1 Vietnam’s Policy on Climate Change

10.4.2 Achievement of These Policies and Major Challenges

10.4.3 Lessons Learnt and Recommendations

10.4.4 Initiatives and Progress Made in Relation to the MDGs

10.5 Recommendations and Experiences to Be Shared with Other Countries

10.5.1 Effective Mechanisms for Coordination and Adaptive Capacity

10.5.2 Partnerships, Public Participation and Local Communities

10.5.3 Mainstreaming the Integration of Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction into Socio-Economic Development

10.5.4 Resources Requirements

10.6 Annex

References

Part IV:Climate Change and Its Effect on Cities:Case Studies from Africa and Asia

Chapter 11: Climate Change and Cities’ Actions in China

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Climate Change Trends in China

11.2.1 Impact on Socioeconomic Development of the Country, Particularly on Poverty

11.2.2 Impact on Agriculture and Livestock Breeding

11.2.3 Impact on Forestry and Other Natural Ecosystems

11.2.4 Impact on Water Resources

11.2.5 Impact on Coastal Zones

11.2.6 Impact on Society, Economy and Other Fields

11.3 Global Climate Agreements and Their Impact on the Country

11.3.1 Major Challenges to China’s Climate Change Prospects

11.3.2 Challenges on Conservation and Development of Forest and Other Natural Resources

11.3.3 Long-Term Challenges on Adaptation to Climate Change in China’s Agricultural Sector

11.3.4 New Challenges on China’s Water Resources Development and Conservation in Terms of Adapting to Climatic Change

11.3.5 Challenges on China’s Coastal Regions in Terms of Adapting to Climate Change

11.4 Measures for Addressing Climate Change in China

11.4.1 Efforts to Save Energy and Raise Energy Efficiency

11.4.2 Developing Renewable Energy and Optimizing the Energy Mix

11.4.3 Developing a Recycling Economy to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

11.4.4 Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agriculture and Countryside

11.4.5 Promoting Afforestation and Strengthening the Capacity of Carbon Sinks

11.4.6 Intensifying R&D Efforts to Deal with Climate Change

11.5 Adapting to Climate Change

11.5.1 Agriculture

11.5.2 Forests and Other Natural Ecosystems

11.5.3 Water Resources

11.5.4 Coastal Zones and Coastal Regions

11.5.5 Enhancing the Capacity of Adaptation to Climate Change

11.5.6 Institutional Arrangements to Combat Climate Change in China

11.6 Lessons Learnt and Recommendations

11.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: Climate Change and Its Effect on Cities of Eastern African Countries

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Climate Change Effects on the Cities of East Africa

12.2.1 Floods

12.3 Increased Population and Development

12.3.1 Poverty

12.3.2 Increased Energy Costs

12.3.2.1 Impact on Social and Physical Infrastructure

12.3.2.2 Impact on Human Health

12.3.2.3 Food Security

12.4 On-Going and Proposed Actions

12.4.1 Mitigation

12.4.2 Adaptation

12.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 13: Climate Change and Liveable Cities in Malaysia

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Liveability Cities

13.3 Geographical Location and Socioeconomic Trends in Malaysia

13.3.1 Population and Urbanisation

13.3.2 Economic Trends

13.3.3 Land Utilization

13.4 Climate Change Scenarios in Malaysia

13.4.1 Temperature and Precipitation

13.4.2 Sea-Level Rise

13.5 Impacts on Socioeconomic Development

13.5.1 Coastal Resources

13.5.2 Agriculture

13.5.3 Forestry

13.5.4 Water Resources

13.5.5 Human Settlements and Land Use

13.6 Has Malaysia Experienced the Impacts of Climate Change?

13.7 Malaysia’s Initiatives

13.7.1 Environmental Policy Goals of the Government

13.7.1.1 Physical Planning Initiatives in Relation to Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

13.7.2 National Physical Plan

13.7.3 National Urbanization Policy

13.7.4 Land Use Planning Appraisal for Risk Areas (LUPAr)

13.7.5 Malaysian Urban Indicator Network (MURNI-Net)

13.7.6 Green Building Initiatives

13.7.7 Green Building Rating Tools

13.7.8 Smart and Cool Homes Technology

13.8 Institutional Arrangements to Combat Climate Change

13.8.1 National Steering/Coordinating Committee

13.8.2 Cabinet Committee on Climate Change

13.8.3 Steering Committees

13.8.4 State Governments and Local Authorities

13.9 Lessons Learnt and Recommendations

13.9.1 Mainstreaming Policies and Strategies Within a Trans-Disciplinary Framework

13.9.2 Strengthening the Role of Physical Planning in Climate Change Responses

13.9.3 Effective Participation

13.9.4 Intensify Climate Related Research and Development and Capacity Building of Human Resources

13.9.5 International Involvement: Common but Differentiated Responsibility

13.10 Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Climate Change and Its Effect on Urban Housing and Liveable Cities: The Case of Harare, Zimbabwe

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Zimbabwe and Its Environs

14.3 Recent Trends of Climate Change in Zimbabwe

14.3.1 Causes and Effects of Climate Change

14.4 Impact of Climate Change on Harare

14.4.1 Flooding

14.4.2 High Temperatures

14.4.3 Drought

14.4.4 Deforestation

14.4.5 Pollution

14.5 Legislation and Its Impact

14.6 The Way Forward

14.7 Conclusion

References

Index