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Contents
6
Contributors
9
Author Biographies
12
1 Philosophy and Engineering: Setting the Stage
17
1.1 Introduction
17
1.1.1 The 2007 Workshop on Philosophy and Engineering
18
1.2 Towards a Philosophy of Engineering
19
1.2.1 What is Engineering?
19
1.2.2 The Relation Between Science, Technology and Engineering
21
1.2.3 Other Philosophical Issues in Engineering
22
1.2.4 Interaction and Cooperation Between Philosophers and Engineers
23
1.3 The Contributions
23
1.3.1 Philosophy
24
1.3.2 Ethics
25
1.3.3 Reflection
26
References
26
Part I Philosophy
28
2 Distinguishing Architects from Engineers: A Pilot Study in Differences Between Engineers and Other Technologists
29
2.1 Introduction
29
2.2 The Name and the Thing
30
2.3 Some Differences Between Architecture and Engineering
33
2.4 Historical Contributions to These Differences
37
2.5 Conclusions
42
References
44
3 The Rise of Philosophy of Engineering in the East and the West
45
3.1 Introduction
45
3.2 Substantial Progress of Philosophy of Engineering at the Beginning of the 21st Century
46
3.3 Trichotomy of Science, Technology and Engineering
48
3.4 Scientific Community and Engineering Community
50
3.5 Why Philosophy of Engineering is Important
52
References
53
4 Multiple Facets of Philosophy and Engineering
55
4.1 Introduction
55
4.2 Inside the Diamond: The Structure of Engineering as Engineers See It
56
4.3 Values and Engineering
57
4.4 A Philosophy Positive About Engineering: American Pragmatism
58
4.5 Even Radicals Deserve a Hearing
59
4.6 Engineering as a Guild and Engineering Education
59
Bibliography
60
5 Comparing Approaches to the Philosophy of Engineering: Including the Linguistic Philosophical Approach
62
5.1 Introduction
62
5.2 Six Basic Types
63
5.3 Toward a Linguistic Philosophy of Engineering
66
5.4 Conclusion
70
References
72
6 Focussing Philosophy of Engineering: Analyses of Technical Functions and Beyond
73
6.1 Introduction
73
6.2 The Eccentric Development of the ICE Theory
75
6.3 The Limited Use of the ICE Theory in Engineering
78
6.4 Focussing the ICE Theory on Philosophy of Technology
81
References
83
7 Philosophy, Engineering, and the Sciences
86
7.1 Introduction; Problems with the Old Story
86
7.2 Examples of Applied Science
87
7.3 A Transcendental Argument for Engineering Priority
89
7.4 Conclusion
92
References
93
8 Engineering Science as a Discipline of the Particular? Types of Generalization in Engineering Sciences
94
8.1 Sciences of the Particular: A Contradiction in Terms?
94
8.2 Generalization, Abstraction and Idealization
95
8.3 Taking an Empirical Turn
97
8.4 Four Case Studies
98
8.4.0 Case 1: Microwave Oven Characteristics
98
8.4.0 Case 2: Transmitter Pentodes
99
8.4.0 Case 3: High-Speed Sparking Machinery Equipment
100
8.4.0 Case 4: An Evacuated Tubular Solar Collector with Heat Pipe
101
8.5 Analysis of the Types of Generalization in the Case Studies
102
8.6 Conclusions
103
References
103
9 How the Models of Engineering Tell the Truth
105
9.1 Introduction
105
9.2 Theoretical Background on Explanation, Laws and Models
107
9.3 Paradigm Cases of Engineering
108
9.3.1 Flush Riveting
108
9.3.2 Control Volume Analysis
111
9.3.3 Numerical and Physical Models Used in the Failure Analysis of the New Orleans Levees
112
9.3.3.1 Finite Element Analysis Models (IPET 2007, V-45-V-52)
113
9.3.3.2 Limit Equilibrium Assessment Model (IPET 2007, V-41-V-43)
114
9.3.3.3 Centrifuge Models (IPET 2007, V-43-V-45)
114
9.4 Conclusion: How the Models of Engineering Tell the Truth
116
References
117
10 Limits to Systems Engineering
119
10.1 Electricity and Electric Power Systems
121
10.1.1 Physical and Technical Characteristics
121
10.1.2 History and Governance
122
10.2 The Concept of Boundary in Systems Engineering
123
10.2.1 Boundary in Systems Engineering Literature; Three Distinctions
124
10.2.1.1 Two Kinds of Boundaries
124
10.2.1.2 Two Uses of Boundary in Systems Engineering
125
10.2.1.3 Two Understandings of System in Systems Engineering
126
10.3 Function, Control and Design, and the Limits of Systems Engineering
127
10.3.1 Function
128
10.3.2 Control
129
10.3.3 Design
130
References
131
Part II Ethics
133
11 Integrity and the Ethical Responsibilities of Engineers
134
11.1 Introduction
134
11.2 Engineers and How They are Perceived
135
11.3 Engineering: The Unique Profession
137
11.4 What is Integrity?
138
References
142
12 Prioritising People: Outline of an Aspirational Engineering Ethic
144
12.1 Introduction
144
12.2 Ethical Viewpoints
145
12.3 The Priority of People
146
12.4 The Practice of Engineering
149
12.5 The Life of the Individual Engineer
152
12.6 Practical Outcomes
153
References
154
13 Ethical Principles for Engineers in a Global Environment
156
13.1 Introduction
156
13.2 A Global Approach to Engineering Ethics
157
13.3 Foundations for Analysis of Ethical Issues
158
13.3.1 Problems of Ethical Theory
158
13.3.2 Problems of Casuistry in a Global Context
159
13.3.3 The Important Role of Reason
159
13.3.4 Role Responsibilities and Engineers
160
13.4 Foundation for Principles of Engineering Ethics
160
13.4.1 The Nature of Ethics
161
13.4.2 The Nature of Engineering
162
13.4.3 Deriving the Principles
162
13.5 Foundational Principles of Engineering Ethics
163
13.5.1 The Principle of Public Safety
163
13.5.2 The Principle of Human Rights
164
13.5.3 The Principle of Environmental and Animal Preservation
165
13.5.4 The Principle of Engineering Competence
165
13.5.5 The Principle of Scientifically Founded Judgment
165
13.5.6 The Principle of Openness and Honesty
166
13.6 Limitations of the Discussion
166
References
168
14 Professional Ethics Without a Profession: A French View on Engineering Ethics
169
14.1 Introduction
169
14.2 Engineering Ethics: Professional Ethics, Applied Ethics, or Something Else?
170
14.2.1 Is Professional Ethics Inherent to Professions?
170
14.2.2 Is Engineering a Profession?
171
14.2.3 Engineering Ethics as Contextualized Ethics
172
14.3 What is Engineering?
172
14.3.1 Engineering as Humanism
173
14.3.2 Questioning the Amorality of Engineering
173
14.3.3 Engineering in the Literature
174
14.3.4 Towards a Definition of Engineering as a Technical Act
175
14.4 How are the Engineers Concerned by Engineering Ethics?
175
14.4.1 The Legitimacy of the Engineers
176
14.4.2 The Knowledge of the Engineers
177
14.4.3 The Power of Engineers
178
14.5 Conclusions
179
References
180
15 Imagining Worlds: Responsible Engineering Under Conditions of Epistemic Opacity
182
15.1 Introduction
182
15.2 Two Approaches to Moral Responsibility
183
15.2.1 Transparency
184
15.2.2 Opacity
185
15.3 Imagining Worlds
186
15.3.1 Moral Imagination and Technology: Jonas and Anders
187
15.3.2 Senses of ''World''
189
15.3.3 Reconstructing a World of Offshore Engineering: The ''case'' of Snorre A
190
15.4 Conclusions
193
References
194
16 Transferring Responsibility Through Use Plans
195
16.1 Introduction
195
16.2 Responsibility and Control
198
16.3 Use Plans
200
16.4 Combining Approaches
202
16.5 The Abcoude Dosing Lock: A Test Case
206
16.6 Conclusion
207
References
208
17 Design Problems and Ethics
210
17.1 Introduction
210
17.2 Ethics in Engineering
211
17.3 An Evil Genius of an Engineer
212
17.4 Benign by Design
214
17.5 Quantitative Versus Qualitative Problems
217
References
219
18 Ethics in Innovation: Cooperation and Tension
220
18.1 Introduction
220
18.2 The Innovation
220
18.3 Ethical Issues
222
18.4 Risks and Responsibilities
223
18.5 New Engineering Directions
225
18.6 The Role of the Ethicists
226
18.7 Conclusions and Further Research
229
References
230
19 Teaching Ethics to Engineering Students: From Clean Concepts to Dirty Tricks
232
19.1 Introduction
232
19.2 Description and Analysis of the Original Challenger Role Game
233
19.3 Description of the Conceptual Background of the New Role Game ToFlyOrNotToFly
234
19.3.1 Ethical Balancing is Not a Well Defined Event in Time but the Outcome of a Process
235
19.3.2 Hard Engineering Procedures and Models Can Also Lead to Conflicting Results
236
19.3.3 The Effect of External Opinions and Public Pressure
236
19.3.4 Financial Aspects Play a Major Role, Both in Realityand in the Game
236
19.3.5 Often Participants in Ethical DeliberationsAre No Strangers to Each Other but Have a Past and a Mutual Relation
237
19.4 Analysis of the Ethical Aspects of the Deliberations, Actions and Other Events in the Game
237
19.5 Experiences With the New Role Game
239
19.6 Conclusion: Communication Process and Moral Dualism
240
References
242
20 A Collaborative Platform for Experiments in Ethicsand Technology
243
20.1 Introduction
243
20.2 NERD Goals and Problems
245
20.2.1 Morally Serious Data
245
20.2.2 Empirically Sound Experiments
247
20.3 NERD Design and Results
248
20.3.1 Surveys
248
20.3.2 Experiments
250
20.3.3 Exploratory Data
252
20.4 Conclusion: Stress Testing Ethical Decision Making and Assumptions
254
References
255
Part III Reflection
257
21 Why Philosophy? Why Now? Engineering Responds to the Crisis of a Creative Era
258
21.1 Introduction
258
21.2 Strange Bedfellows
259
21.3 Then and Now
259
21.3.1 World War II and Engineering Today
260
21.3.2 Missed Revolutions
260
21.3.3 The Technoeconomics of Now
260
21.3.4 Friedman, Florida, Pink and All That
261
21.4 Kuhn and the Response to Crisis
261
21.5 Engineering, the Centripetal Os, and the Missing O
262
21.6 Three Lessons of Philosophy for Postmodern Engineers
262
21.6.1 Socrates 101: Creative Times and Asking and Answering Good Questions
263
21.6.2 Aristotle 102: Naming and Data Mining in Creative Engineering
263
21.6.3 Searle 103: Brute Facts, Social Facts and Postmodern Engineering
264
21.7 Conclusions
265
References
266
22 A World of Things Not Facts
267
22.1 Wittgenstein the Engineer
267
22.2 Science, Engineering and the Two Wittgensteins
268
22.3 Engineering Knowledge
269
22.4 The Lessons of a Philosophy of Engineering
271
22.4.1 Engineering and Cartesian Doubt
272
22.4.2 Engineering and the Pessimistic Induction
274
22.5 Conclusion
274
References
275
23 Architecting Engineering Systems
276
23.1 Introduction
276
23.2 Tree Structures
277
23.3 Platform-Based Architectures
278
23.4 Network-Based Architectures
281
23.5 Attitudes Toward Engineering in Various Cultures
282
23.6 The System Design and Management Program
283
23.7 Summary
284
References
284
24 Bits Dont Have Error Bars: Upward Conceptualization and Downward Approximation
286
24.1 Turning Dreams into Reality
286
24.2 Subjective Experience and Levels of Abstraction
287
24.2.1 The Hard Problem of Consciousness
287
24.2.2 Levels of Abstraction
288
24.2.3 Functional Decomposition vs. Stigmergic Design
289
24.2.4 Subjective Experience as a Level of Abstraction
289
24.3 Thought Externalization: Engineering is to Sculpture as Computer Science is to Music
290
24.3.1 The Bit: Where Thought and Matter Meet
291
24.4 Static and Functional Structures
293
24.4.1 Stigmergic Design and Upward Conceptualization
293
24.4.2 Functional Decomposition and Downward Approximation
294
24.5 Summary
295
References
295
25 Metaphysics of Engineering
296
25.1 Introduction
296
25.2 Background
297
25.3 Wittgenstein
298
25.4 Peirce and Brunner
298
25.5 Grammar of Certitude in Infinitesimals
300
25.6 Grammar of Certitude in Engineering Mesofinitesimals
301
25.7 Grammar of Certitude in Engineering Numbers
303
25.8 Summary and Conclusions
304
References
305
26 Engineering Determinacy: The Exclusiveness of Technology and the Presence of the Indeterminate
306
26.1 Introduction
306
26.2 Indeterminacy as a Key to the 20th Century
306
26.3 The Role of Technology
307
26.4 Technology and Determinacy
308
26.5 How Technology is Made Possible
309
26.6 The Question of Exclusivity and Heideggers Answer
310
26.7 Logical vs. Transcendental Reflection: Janich and Hubig
311
26.8 The Absoluteness of the Negation
311
26.9 Conclusion
312
References
313
27 Quo Vadis, Humans? Engineering the Survival of the Human Species
314
27.1 Introduction
314
27.2 Definition of Engineering Method
315
27.2.1 The Heuristic
315
27.2.2 The Best
318
27.2.2.1 The Engineer's Good
318
27.2.2.2 Plato's Good
320
27.2.2.3 Comparison of the Engineer's and Plato's Notions of Good
321
27.2.3 The State-of-the-Art
322
27.2.3.1 Sota0 individual, time
322
27.2.3.2 Sota0 best engineering practice, time
323
27.3 Universal Method
324
27.3.1 Expanding the Scope of the Heuristic: All is Heuristic
324
27.3.1.1 Science as Sota0 Science, time
325
27.3.1.2 Philosophy as Sota0 philosophy, time
326
27.3.1.3 Engineering as Sota0 engineering, time
326
27.4 Framework for Engineering Human Survival
327
27.4.1 Survival of the Human Species
328
27.4.1.1 Sota0 human, time
328
27.4.1.2 Sota0 survival, time
328
27.4.2 Promised Framework for Human Survival
329
27.5 The Framework: Characteristics and Sample Heuristics
330
27.5.1 Some Important Characteristics of Sota0 overall, time
331
27.5.1.1 Sample Vulnerabilities and Specific Heuristics of Sota0 overall, time
332
27.5.2 Sample Heuristics in Sota0 heuristics for human survival, time
336
27.5.2.1 Definition of a Metaheuristic
337
27.5.2.2 Example Metaheuristics
337
27.6 Conclusions
338
References
339
27.7 Appendix: Multi-Attribute Decision Theory
341
27.0.0 A Very Brief Introduction to Multi-Attribute Decision Theory
341
28 The Focal Engineering Experience
343
28.1 Introduction
343
28.2 Engineering: Past and Present
344
28.3 Engineering the Future
345
28.4 Engineering Ethics
346
28.5 Experience
347
28.6 Assessment
348
28.7 The Ethics Engine
348
28.8 So What?
352
References
353
Index
354
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