Nanomedicine in Brain Diseases - Principles and Application

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction: Nanomedicine in the Brain

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Application of Nanomedicine

1.2.1 Magnetic-Based Nanomaterials

1.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials

1.2.3 Silicon-Based Nanomaterials

1.2.4 Lipid-Based Nanomaterials

1.2.5 Rare-Earth Elements-Based Nanomaterials

1.2.6 Quantum Dots

1.2.7 Metallic Organic Framework Compounds

1.2.8 Others

1.3 Overview of Neuropsychiatric Disease

1.3.1 Neurological Disease

1.3.1.1 AD

1.3.1.2 PD

1.3.1.3 Stroke

1.3.1.4 MS

1.3.1.5 Glioblastoma

1.3.2 Psychiatric Disease

1.3.2.1 Depression

1.3.2.2 Schizophrenia

1.3.2.3 Other Psychiatric Disease

1.4 Conclusion and Perspective

References

Chapter 2: The Strategies of Nanomaterials for Traversing Blood-Brain Barrier

2.1 Introduction

2.2 BBB Structure and Passage Mechanism

2.3 Different Strategies for Targeting of Drugs to the Brain

2.4 Convection-Enhanced Delivery (CED)

2.5 Intranasal Delivery to Bypass BBB

2.6 Employment of NPs for Drug Delivery into the Brain

2.7 Aspects Affecting the Entry of NPs over the BBB

2.8 Different Types of Nanoparticles Employed to Cross BBB

2.8.1 Liposomes

2.8.2 Lipid-Based NPs

2.8.3 Polymer-Based Nanocarriers Across the BBB

2.9 Employment of Different siRNA-Based Deliveries

2.9.1 Exosome-Based Delivery

2.9.2 Employment of Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPPs)

2.9.3 Other Types of NPs

2.10 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Route to BBB

2.11 Neurotoxicity of the Nanoparticles

2.12 A Future Point of View

2.13 Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: The Strategies of Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery and Release

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Nanopreparations for Brain Diseases

3.2.1 Construction of Nanocarriers

3.2.2 Types of Nanopreparations for Brain Disease

3.2.2.1 Nanoparticles

3.2.2.2 Dendrimer

3.2.2.3 Micelle

3.2.2.4 Liposome

3.2.2.5 Others

3.3 Advances in Drug Delivery and Release Approaches for Brain Diseases

3.3.1 Controlled Nano Drug Delivery Systems

3.3.2 Targeted Nano Drug Delivery Systems

3.3.2.1 Passive Targeting

3.3.2.2 Active Targeting

3.3.2.2.1 Receptors-Related Endocytosis

3.3.2.2.2 Transporters-Mediated Active Targeting

3.3.2.2.3 Cell-Penetrating Peptides-Mediated Active Targeting

3.3.2.2.4 Adsorptive-Mediated Active Targeting

3.3.2.3 Magnetic Targeting

3.3.2.4 Dual Targeting

3.3.3 Smart Response Nano Drug Delivery and Release Systems

3.3.3.1 PH-Sensitive Nanopreparations

3.3.3.2 ROS-Sensitive Nanopreparations

3.3.3.3 Temperature-Sensitive Nanopreparations

3.3.3.4 Others

3.3.4 Intranasal Drug Delivery Systems

3.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: The Strategies of Nanomaterials for Therapy

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Nanomaterials for Brain Tumor Treatment

4.2.1 Nanomaterial-Based Chemotherapy

4.2.2 Nanomaterial-Based Gene Therapy

4.2.3 Nanomaterial-Based Thermotherapy

4.2.4 Nanomaterial-Based Photodynamic Therapy

4.2.5 Nanomaterial-Based Immunotherapy

4.3 Nanomaterials for Alzheimer´s Disease Treatment

4.3.1 Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery

4.3.1.1 Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Acetylcholine Nanocarriers

4.3.1.2 Hormone Nanocarrier

4.3.1.3 Curcuminoids Nanocarrier

4.3.1.4 Polyphenol Nanocarrier

4.3.2 Nanomaterial-Based Metal Chelation Strategy

4.3.2.1 Iron Chelators

4.3.2.2 Copper Chelators

4.3.2.3 Zinc Chelators

4.3.3 Nanomaterials for Antioxidant

4.3.3.1 Fullerenes

4.3.3.2 Nanoceria

4.3.4 Nanomaterial-Based Gene Therapy

4.3.5 Nanomaterial-Based Immunotherapy

4.4 Nanomaterials for Parkinson´s Disease Treatment

4.4.1 Nanomaterials for Dopamine Replacement

4.4.2 Nanomaterials for Dopaminergic Agonist Delivery

4.4.3 Nanomaterials for Growth Factor and Peptides Delivery

4.4.3.1 Growth Factor

4.4.3.2 Peptides

4.4.4 Nanomaterial-Based Gene Therapy

4.5 Nanomaterials for Stroke Treatment

4.5.1 Nanomaterials for Thrombolysis

4.5.1.1 Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Delivery

4.5.1.2 Heparin Delivery

4.5.2 Nanomaterials for Neuroprotection

4.5.2.1 Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Agents Delivery

4.5.2.2 Antioxidant Enzymes Delivery

4.5.2.3 Nanomaterial-Based Stem Cell Therapy

4.5.3 Nanomaterial-Based Gene Therapy

4.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: Overcoming the Physiopathologic Barriers: Nanoprobes-Mediated Intracranial Glioma Imaging

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Critical Biological Challenges Facing Intracranial Glioma

5.3 Strategies for Bypassing and Crossing BBB

5.4 Advantages of Nanomaterials for Glioma Imaging

5.5 Applications of Nanoprobes for Intracranial Glioma Imaging

5.5.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

5.5.2 Photoacoustic Imaging

5.5.3 Fluorescence Imaging

5.5.4 Multimodal Imaging

5.5.5 Intraoperative Glioma Margin Delineation

5.6 Challenges and Perspectives

References

Chapter 6: The Advances of Nanozyme in Brain Disease

6.1 Introduction

6.2 ROS-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Its Role in Neurological Diseases

6.3 Nanozymes with Antioxidant Activity

6.3.1 Nanozymes with SOD-Like Activity

6.3.1.1 Nanoceria with SOD-Like Activity

6.3.1.2 Fullerene and Its Derivatives with SOD-Like Activity

6.3.1.3 Carbon Clusters with SOD-Like Activity

6.3.1.4 Platinum Nanoparticles with SOD-Like Activity

6.3.2 Nanozymes with Catalase-Like Activity

6.3.2.1 Nanoceria with Catalase-Like Activity

6.3.2.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Catalase-Like Activity

6.3.2.3 Co3O4 Nanozymes with Catalase-Like Activity

6.3.2.4 Platinum Nanoparticles with Catalase-Like Activity

6.3.3 Nanozymes with Multiple Antioxidant Enzyme-Like Activities

6.3.3.1 Mn3O4 Nanozyme

6.4 Nanozymes Used for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases

6.4.1 Application of Nanozymes in Neuroprotection

6.4.2 Application of Nanozymes in Alzheimer´s Disease

6.4.3 Application of Nanozymes in Cerebral Ischemia

6.4.4 Application of Nanozymes in Parkinson´s Disease

6.4.5 Application of Nanozymes in Multiple Sclerosis

6.5 Challenges and Perspectives

References

Chapter 7: The Advances of Biomacromolecule-based Nanomedicine in Brain Disease

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Key Constraint Factors for Biomacromolecule Delivery into the Brain

7.2.1 Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

7.2.2 Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier (BCFB) and Blood Tumor Barrier (BTB)

7.2.3 Drug Diffusion in the Brain

7.3 Strategies for Biomacromolecular Nanomedicine Delivery into the Brain

7.3.1 Direct Injections

7.3.2 Convection-Enhanced Delivery (CED)

7.3.3 Intranasal Administration

7.3.4 Oral Administration

7.3.5 BBB Disruption

7.3.6 Ultrasound and Microbubble with Nanoparticles

7.3.7 Targeted Brain Delivery

7.4 Preclinical and Clinical Advances of Biomacromolecular Nanomedicines for Brain Disease Treatment

7.4.1 Protein-Based Nanomedicine

7.4.2 Enzyme-Based Nanomedicine

7.4.3 Peptide-Based Nanomedicine

7.4.4 Antibody-Based Nanomedicine

7.4.5 Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomedicine

7.4.5.1 Current Status of Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics

7.4.5.2 siRNA

7.4.5.3 ASO

7.4.5.4 DNA and mRNA

7.5 Concerns over Biomacromolecular Nanomedicines

7.6 Conclusion and Prospective

References

Chapter 8: Carbon-Based Nanomedicine

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Application

8.2.1 Drug Carrier

8.2.2 Gene Carrier

8.2.3 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and Photothermal Therapy (PTT)

8.2.4 Imaging Agent

8.3 Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism

8.3.1 Delivery to the Brain

8.3.2 Toxicological Characteristics

8.3.3 Drug Release

8.4 Diagnosis and Treatment

8.4.1 Neurodegenerative Disease

8.4.2 Tumor

8.4.3 Acute Hyperglycemia

8.5 Biodistribution of Carbon Nanomaterials

8.5.1 Brain Distribution

8.5.2 Body Distribution

8.6 Summary

References

Chapter 9: Polymeric Nanomedicine

9.1 Introduction: Polymeric Nanomedicine and Polymeric Nanoparticles

9.2 Various Polymeric Nanoparticles

9.2.1 Polymeric Micelles

9.2.2 Core-Shell Nanocarriers

9.2.3 Nanospheres

9.2.3.1 Chitosan

9.2.3.2 PLGA Nanoparticles

9.2.3.3 PBCA Nanoparticles

9.2.4 Nanocapsules

9.2.5 Dendrimers

9.2.6 Nanogels

9.3 The Application of Polymeric Nanomedicine in Brain Disease

9.3.1 Brain Cancers

9.3.2 Alzheimer´s Disease

9.3.3 Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA)

9.3.4 Parkinson´s Disease (PD)

9.3.5 Stroke

9.3.6 Multiple Sclerosis

References

Chapter 10: Magnetic Nanomedicine

10.1 Nanomaterials

10.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles

10.3 Synthesis Method of MNPs

10.3.1 Ball Milling Method

10.3.2 Chemical Methods

10.3.3 Coprecipitation

10.3.4 Thermal Decomposition

10.3.5 Hydrothermal Synthesis

10.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Hyperthermia Agent

10.4.1 Parameters Affecting the Heating Efficiency

10.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery

10.5.1 Drug Delivery Mechanism

10.5.2 MNPs in Drug Delivery

10.6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

10.6.1 MRI Contract Agents

10.6.2 The Longitudinal Relaxation (T1) Agents

10.6.3 The Transverse Relaxation (T2) Agents

10.7 Conclusion and Prospective

References