Mechanisms of Memory

Cover

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. Introduction„The Basics of Psychological Learning and Memory Theory

I. Introduction

II. Unconscious Learning

III. Conscious Learning„Subject to Conscious and Unconscious Recall

IV. Final Note„Will Molecular Studies Change the Way We Think about Learning Behavior?

References

Chapter 2. Rodent Behavioral Learning and Memory Models

I. Introduction

II. Behavioral Assessments in Rodents

III. Modern Experimental Uses of Rodent Behavioral Models

IV. Control Experiments

V. Summary

References

Chapter 3. The Hippocampus Serves a Role in Multimodal Information Processing, and Memory Consolidation

I. Introduction

II. Studying the Hippocampus

III. Hippocampal Function in Cognition

IV. Summary

References

Chapter 4. Long-Term Potentiation as a Physiological Phenomenon

I. Synapses in the Hippocampus„The Hippocampal Circuit

II. A Breakthrough Discovery„LTP in the Hippocampus

III. NMDA Receptor-Dependence of LTP

IV. NMDA Receptor-Independent LTP

V. A Role for Calcium Influx in NMDA Receptor-Dependent LTP

VI. Summary

References

Chapter 5. Complexities of Long-Term Potentiation

I. Introduction

II. Presynaptic Versus Postsynaptic Mechanisms

III. LTP Can Include an Increased AP Firing Component

IV. Temporal Integration in LTP Induction

V. LTP Can Be Divided into Phases

VI. Spine Anatomy and Biochemical Compartmentalization

VII. Summary

References

Chapter 6. The Biochemistry of LTP Induction

I. Introduction

II. LTP Induction Component 1„ Mechanisms Upstream of the NMDA Receptor That Directly Regulate NMDA Receptor Function

III. LTP Induction Component 2„ Mechanisms Upstream of the NMDA Receptor That Control Membrane Depolarization

IV. LTP Induction Component 3„The Components of the Synaptic Infrastructure That Are Necessary for the NMDA Receptor and the Synaptic Signal Transduction Machinery to Function Normally

V. LTP Induction Component 4„ Feed-Forward and Feedback Mechanisms That Regulate the Level of Calcium Attained

VI. LTP Induction Component 5„Extrinsic Signals That Regulate the Response to the Calcium Influx

VII. LTP Induction Component 6„The Mechanisms for the Generation of the Actual Persisting Biochemical Signals

VIII. Summary„Models for Biochemical Information Processing in LTP Induction

References

Chapter 7. Biochemical Mechanisms for Short-Term Information Storage at the Cellular Level

Chapter Overview

I. Targets of the Calcium Trigger

II. Targets of the Persisting Signals

III. Dendritic Protein Synthesis

IV. Chapter Summary

References

Chapter 8. Biochemical Mechanisms for Long-Term Information Storage at the Cellular Level

Introduction

I. The Case for Altered Gene Expression in L-LTP

II. Signaling Mechanisms

III. Summary„Altered Genes and Altered Circuits

References

Chapter 9. LTP Does Not Equal Memory

I. LTP Does Not Equal Memory

II. Roles for LTP

III. Summary

References

Chapter 10. Inherited Disorders of Human Memory„Mental Retardation Syndromes

I. Neurofibromatosis, Coffin-Lowry Syndrome, and the ras/ERK Cascade

II. Angelman Syndrome

III. Fragile X Syndromes

IV. Summary

References

Chapter 11. Aging-Related Memory Disorders„ Alzheimers Disease

I. Aging-Related Memory Decline

II. What Is AD?

III. Genes„Familial and Late-Onset AD

IV. Apolipoprotein E in the Nervous System

V. Mouse models for AD

VI. Summary

References

Chapter 12. The Chemistry of Perpetual Memory

I. Short-, Long-, and Ultralong-Term Forms of Learning

II. Use of Invertebrate Preparations to Study Simple Forms of Learning

III. Short-Term Facilitation in Aplysia is Mediated by Changes in the Levels of Intracellular Second Messenger

IV. Intermediate-Term Facilitation in Aplysia Involves Altered Gene Expression and Persistent Protein Kinase Activation„A Second Category of Reaction 378

V. Long-Term Synaptic Facilitation in Aplysia Involves Changes in Gene Expression and Resulting Anatomical Changes

VI. Three Attributes of Chemical Reactions Mediating Memory

VII. Summary: A General Chemical Model for Memory

References

Index