Stress and Addiction - Biological and Psychological Mechanisms

Front Cover

Stress and Addiction: Biological and Psychological Mechanisms

Copyright Page

Contents

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

SECTION I: NEUROBIOLOGY OF STRESS AND ADDICTION

Chapter 1. Biological Bases of the Stress Response

I. Introduction

II. Physiological Stress Research

III. Major Components of the Biological Stress Response System

IV. Other Stress-Responsive Hormone Axes

V. Other Stress-Responsive Systems

VI. Final Remarks

References

Chapter 2. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Addiction

I. Introduction

II. Stress and the HPA Axis

III. Stress, the HPA Axis, and the Acquisition of Drug Taking

IV. Stress and Vulnerability to Addiction in Humans

V. The HPA Axis and the Maintenance of Drug Taking

VI. Relapse to Addiction

VII. Inconsistencies

VIII. Conclusions and Implications for the Treatment of Addiction

References

Chapter 3. Dopaminergic Reward Pathways and Effects of Stress

I. Defining Stress

II. The Mesencephalic Dopamine System

III. Dopamine and Addiction

IV. Dopamine and Stress

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 4. Endogenous Opiates, Addiction, and the Stress Response

I. Introduction

II. The Endogenous Opioid System

III. The Endogenous Opioid System and Reward and Reinforcement

IV. Effect of Alcohol on Endogenous Opioid Activity

V. Effect of Alcohol on Endogenous Opioid Receptors

VI. Endogenous Opioid Activity and Receptors and Alcohol Preference

VII. Opioid Antagonists in the Treatment of Alcohol Addiction

VIII. Endogenous Opioid Activity and Receptors and Cocaine Preference

IX. Opioid Antagonists in the Treatment of Cocaine Addiction

X. Opioids and Risk for Alcoholism

XI. The µ-Opioid Receptor Gene

XII. Conclusions

References

Chapter 5. Early Life Stress and Vulnerability to Addiction

I. Introduction

II. Neurohormonal Mechanisms of Stress Relevant to Cocaine Addiction

III. Animal Models

IV. Neurohormonal Effects of Neonatal Isolation

V. Behavioral Effects of Neonatal Isolation

VI. Sex Differences and Estrous Stage Effects of Neonatal Isolation

VII. Maternal Care Hypothesis

VIII. Conclusions and Translation for Clinical Relevance

References

Chapter 6. Genetics, Stress, and the Risk for Addiction

I. Introduction

II. The Extent of the Problem: Prevalence of Addiction

III. Heritability of Addiction

IV. HPA Axis

V. The “Reward” Pathway of Addiction: Interaction with Stress

VI. Reward Pathway and Stress Response: Key Neurotransporter Systems

VII. Limbic Regulation of Response to Stress

VIII. The Locus Coeruleus (LC)-Norepinephrine (NE) System

IX. Conclusions

References

Chapter 7. Neurobiology of Stress and Risk for Relapse

I. Overview

II. Animal Models for Studying the Effects of Stress on Relapse to Drug Seeking: The Reinstatement Procedure

III. The Neurobiology of Stress-Induced Reinstatement of Drug Seeking

IV. Long-Lasting Changes in the Responsivity of the Central Nervous System to CRF: Behavioral and Neuroanatomical Studies with Potential Implications for Reinstatement

V. Conclusions

References

SECTION II: PSYCHOSOCIAL PROCESSES RELATED TO STRESS AND ADDICTION

Chapter 8. Negative Affect and Addiction

I. Introduction

II. Precisely What Is Negative Affect?

III. Historical Perspectives on the Role of Withdrawal, Negative Affect, and Substance Abuse

IV. Drug Expectancy Effects and NA

V. Initiation Stage: Drug Use and NA

VI. Maintenance Stage: Drug Use and NA

VII. Relapse Stage: Drug Use and NA

VIII. Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter 9. Stress and Impulsive Behaviors

I. Introduction

II. Impulse Control and Substance Use Disorders

III. Reward-Seeking Behavior: Pathological Gambling (PG)

IV. Habit Behavior: Trichotillomania (TTM)

V. Lack of Premeditation: Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)

VI. Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. Psychosocial Determinants of the Stress Response

I. Introduction

II. Sociodemographic Factors and Stress Responses

III. Life Stress Exposure

IV. Protective Psychosocial Factors

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 11. Individual Differences in Response to Stress and Risk for Addiction

I. Introduction

II. Stress and the Brain’s Motivational Systems

III. Hedonic Homeostasis in Addiction Risk

IV. Affective Regulation and Vulnerability to Addiction

V. Addictions and Abnormalities of HPAC Regulation of Cortisol Secretion

VI. Risk for Addiction, Central Opioid Function, and Regional Brain Function

VII. The VAL158MET Polymorphism and Opioid Function

VIII. Addiction, Response to Stress, and Hedonic Dysregulation

IX. Life Events, Behavioral Dispositions, and Addiction Risk

X. Conclusions

References

Chapter 12. Addiction and Stress in Adolescents

I. Introduction

II. Adolescent Development

III. Life Stress in Adolescence

IV. Adolescent Stress and Addictive Behaviors

V. Implications for Adolescent Addiction Interventions

VI. Summary

References

SECTION III: CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION

Chapter 13. Assessment of Stress in Research and Clinical Settings

I. Introduction

II. The Assessment of Stressful Life Events

III. The Assessment of Self-Reported Stress

IV. Biological and Physiological Assessment

V. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) Measures

VI. The Sympatho-Adreno-Medullary (SAM) System

VII. The Immune Response

VIII. Conclusions

References

Chapter 14. Assessment of Addictions in Clinical and Research Settings

I. Introduction

II. Addiction Screens

III. Diagnostic Measures

IV. Symptom Severity Measures

V. Behavioral Measures

VI. Treatment Planning

VII. Conclusions

References

Chapter 15. Stress, Anxiety, and Addiction: Intervention Strategies

I. Introduction

II. Stress-Related Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)

III. Anxiety Disorders and Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)

IV. Moderators of the Anxiety and SUD Association

V. Treatment of Comorbid Disorders

VI. Anxiety and SUD Treatment Program Concepts

VII. Anxiety and SUD Treatment Outcomes

VIII. Treatment Studies Reviewed

IX. Conclusions

References

Chapter 16. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders

I. Epidemiology and Course

II. Genetics of PTSD and Addiction

III. Neurobiology of Stress and Substance Abuse Disorders

IV. Treatment Implications

V. Summary and Future Directions

References

Chapter 17. Novel Pharmacologic Treatment of Stress and Addiction: The Role of CRF and Glucocorticoid Antagonists

I. General Mechanisms of Addiction

II. Behavioral Paradigms

III. General Mechanisms of Stress Response

IV. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor

V. Glucocorticoids

VI. CRF Receptors

VII. CRF Pharmacology

VIII. CRF in Addiction and Stress

IX. Corticosteroids and Addiction

X. Stress and Addiction: Mechanistic Overview

XI. Clinical Trials with CRF Compounds

XII. Conclusions

Disclosure

References

Chapter 18. Current and Future Directions of Research on Stress and Addictive Behaviors

I. Introduction

II. Working Model

III. Stress and Vulnerability to Addiction

IV. Stress and Ongoing Addiction and Relapse

V. Factors Affecting Stress and Addiction Interactions

VI. Stress, Poor Behavioral Regulation, and Addiction

VII. Coping Resources

VIII. Discussions and Future Directions

IX. Conclusions

References

Subject Index

Author Index