Drugs and the Future - Brain Science, Addiction and Society

Front cover

DRUGS AND THE FUTURE

Copyright page

Table of contents

Contributors

Foreword Drugs and the Future

Introduction

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1. Drugs Futures 2025

Chapter 2. Foresight

1 INTRODUCTION

2 WHAT IS FORESIGHT?

3 WHAT APPROACH DID WE USE TO EXPLORE THE FUTURE OF DRUG USE?

4 WHAT HAPPENS NEXT?

Chapter 3. Neuroscience of Drugs and Addiction

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 INTRODUCTION

3 NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF REINFORCEMENT LEARNING AND ADDICTION

4 THE NEURAL SYSTEM BASIS OF REINFORCEMENT LEARNING: RELEVANCE TO NATURAL MOTIVATION AND DRUG ADDICTION

5 NEUROBIOLOGY OF RELAPSE

6 NEUROADAPTATIONS – INTRACELLULAR CASCADES

7 VULNERABILITY TO ADDICTION

8 HARMS CAUSED BY DRUGS OF ABUSE

9 DRUG ADDICTION: A SOCIAL COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE PERSPECTIVE

10 THE MIND/BRAIN INTERFACE: NEUROBEHAVIOURAL ECONOMICS OF ADDICTION

11 FUTURE IMPLICATIONS: NEW DRUGS, THEIR IMPACT AND MANAGEMENT

Chapter 4. Genomics

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 GENES IN ACTION

3 GENETIC ANALYSIS

4 CURRENT STATE OF PLAY

5 FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN RESEARCH

6 THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEFINING GENETIC INFLUENCES IN DRUG USE FOR THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY

7 THE BRAIN SCIENCE, ADDICTION AND DRUGS PROJECT QUESTIONS

8 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 5. Experimental Psychology and Research into Brain Science, Addiction and Drugs

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 INTRODUCTION

3 SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF DRUG ADDICTION

4 CURRENT PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES – EFFECTS AND HARMS

5 INTERVENTIONS AND MANAGEMENT

6 VISIONS FOR THE FUTURE – FUTURE CAPABILITIES AND APPLICATIONS

7 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 6. Pharmacology and Treatments

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF REVIEW

3 BACKGROUND

4 CURRENT PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS

5 DRUG TREATMENTS FOR SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS

6 FUTURE PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES

7 FUTURE THERAPEUTICS

8 CONTEXT OF FUTURE TREATMENTS

9 PROSPECTS

10 APPENDIX: ACRONYMS

Chapter 7. Psychological Treatments of Substance Misuse and Dependence

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 INTRODUCTION

3 WHERE ARE WE NOW? THE CURRENT EVIDENCE BASE ON PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS

4 PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS OF SUBSTANCE MISUSE AND DEPENDENCE: THE FUTURE?

5 WHAT WILL BE THE DRUGS OF THE FUTURE?

6 PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENTS OF THE FUTURE

7 PREVENTION STRATEGIES IN THE FUTURE?

8 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 8. Cognition Enhancers

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF REVIEW

3 BACKGROUND

4 BASIS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY

5 CURRENT COGNITION ENHANCERS

6 COGNITION ENHANCERS IN DEVELOPMENT

7 FUTURE COGNITION ENHANCERS

8 IMPLICATIONS

9 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 9. Neuroimaging

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING IN THE STUDY OF DRUG ADDICTION: DEFINING PHARMACOLOGY AND CRAVING

3 FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING IN THE STUDY OF DRUG ADDICTION

4 FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING IN PRECLINICAL MODELS OF ADDICTION

5 MOLECULAR IMAGING AND THE ROLE OF PET

6 ADVANCES IN MRI/S TECHNOLOGY

7 TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION

8 FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS

Chapter 10. Drug Testing

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 INTRODUCTION

3 TEST MATRICES

4 ANALYTICAL METHODS

5 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

6 THE FUTURE OF DRUG TESTING

7 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 11. Social Policy and Psychoactive Substances

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 OPTIONS FOR CONTROLLING PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES

3 INSTRUMENTS AND MEANS OF GOVERNANCE AND CHANGE

4 POLICY IMPACT STUDIES

5 SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE

6 AN OPPORTUNITY FOR RESEARCH – AND FOR EVIDENCE-BASED POLICIES

Chapter 12. Sociology and Substance Use

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 INTRODUCTION

3 SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE SUBSTANCE USE/MISUSE FIELD

4 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PREVALENCE OF SUBSTANCE USE AND MISUSE

5 INDIVIDUAL SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS INFLUENCING DRUG USE

6 TREATMENT

7 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 13. Economics of Addiction and Drugs

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 INTRODUCTION

3 THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC THEORY

4 THE EMPIRICAL PICTURE

5 COST-EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF SUBSTANCE MISUSE

6 PATTERNS OF DRUG ADOPTION

Chapter 14. Problem Gambling and Other Behavioural Addictions

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT OF BEHAVIOURAL ADDICTION

3 GAMBLING ADDICTION

4 ACCOUNTING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BEHAVIOURAL ADDICTION SUCH AS GAMBLING

5 AVAILABILITY OF TREATMENTS FOR BEHAVIOURAL ADDICTIONS

6 CONCLUSION: CURRENT SCIENCE CAPABILITY AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE NEXT 10 YEARS

Chapter 15. Ethical Aspects of Developments in Neuroscience and Drug Addiction

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 ETHICAL ISSUES OF POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS: THE NEXT 20 YEARS?

3 VACCINATIONS AND DRUG MISUSE

4 GENETICS AND INDIVIDUALISED INFORMATION

5 NEURAL IMAGING

6 PERFORMANCE, COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENTS AND DRUG ADDICTION

7 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 16. History and the Future of Psychoactive Substances

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 INTRODUCTION

3 WHAT WILL BE THE PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF THE FUTURE?

4 WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF USING PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES?

5 WHAT MECHANISMS DO WE HAVE TO MANAGE THE USE OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES?

6 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 17. Life Histories and Narratives of Addiction

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 INTRODUCTION

3 NARRATIVE THEORY

4 CONCEPT OF ADDICTION

5 ADDICTION – ITS LITERARY DEPICTION IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

6 ILLNESS NARRATIVES

7 ADDICTIONS OF THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

8 WHAT KINDS OF INTERVENTION MIGHT BE SUCCESSFUL IN PREVENTING ADDICTION?

9 CONCLUSIONS

10 APPENDIX: SUMMARIES OF POST-1950S ADDICTION NARRATIVES CONSIDERED

Chapter 18. Drugs Futures 2025? Perspective of the Pharmaceutical Industry

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 INTRODUCTION

3 SURVEY RESULTS

4 APPENDIX: SURVEY MATERIAL

Chapter 19. The Scenarios

1 INTRODUCTION

2 SCENARIO PLANNING

3 OVERVIEW OF THE SCENARIOS

4 HIGH PERFORMANCE

5 NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH

6 DISPENSE WITH CARE

7 TREATED POSITIVELY

8 WORKING WITH THE SCENARIOS

9 APPENDIX: METHODOLOGY

Author Index

Subject Index