Adolescent Substance Abuse - Evidence-Based Approaches to Prevention and Treatment

Dedication

Acknowledgments

Contents

Editors and Contributors

Introduction

References

A Selected Social History of the Stepping-Stone Drugs and Opiates

The Sequence of Adolescent Drug Use

Beer: The Staff of Life

Tobacco

Marijuana

Heroin and Other Opiates

Closing Thoughts

References

A Biological/Genetic Perspective: The Addicted Brain

Introduction

Neurodevelopment

Pharmacology

Neuropharmacology

Summary

Caffeine

Mechanisms of Action

Epidemiology and Health Consequences of Prenatal, Early Childhood, and Adolescent Caffeine Exposure

Implications

Nicotine

Mechanisms of Action

Epidemiology and Health Consequences of Prenatal, Early Childhood, and Adolescent Nicotine Exposure

Implications

Alcohol

Mechanisms of Action

Epidemiology and Health Consequences of Prenatal, Early Childhood, and Adolescent Alcohol Exposure

Implications

Marijuana

Mechanisms of Action

Epidemiology and Health Consequences of Prenatal, Early Childhood, and Adolescent Marijuana Exposure

Implications

Opiates

Mechanisms of Action

Epidemiology and Health Consequences of Prenatal, Early Childhood, and Adolescent Opioid Exposure

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Implications

Therapeutic Stimulants

Mechanisms of Action

Epidemiology and Health Consequences of Prenatal, Early Childhood, and Adolescent Stimulant Exposure

Implications

Conclusions

References

Needs, Services Received, and Outcomes of Adolescents and Young Adults in Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Treatment

Prevalence

Demographic Correlates

Severity of Substance Use

Need for Screening and Intervention in Multiple Systems

Variations by Level of Care

Trauma and Victimization

Costs to Society

Current Chapter

Measures

Analyses

Results

Overall Findings

Variation by Demographic Groups

Past Year Substance Problem

System Involvement

Level of Care

Emerging Topics

Discussion

Multimorbidity and Its Implications

Service Utilization and Costs to Society

Trauma and Its Implications

Importance of Standardized Screening and Assessment

References

Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment: A Review of Evidence-Based Research

Introduction

Developmental Issues

Intensity of Treatment

Treatment Approaches

Treatment Outcome Research

Overview

12-Step-Based Treatment

Therapeutic Community

Family-Based Therapy

Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET)/Brief Intervention

Electronic-Based Therapy

Pharmacotherapy

Cannabis Youth Treatment Study

Meta-Analysis of Outpatient Treatment

Approaches Aimed at Maximizing Outcome

Recovery Schools

Employing Reinforcements to Promote Recovery

Adapting Treatment

Summary

References

Evidence-Based Family Treatment of Adolescent Substance-Related Disorders

Introduction

Prevalence of Substance Use

Illicit Drugs

Alcohol Abuse

Long-Term Impacts of Adolescent Substance Use

Treatment Gaps

Evidence-Based Family Treatments

Multisystemic Therapy

Multidimensional Family Therapy

Comparison of MDFT and MST

Functional Family Therapy

Brief Strategic Family Therapy

Promising Family Treatments

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and FFT (Integrative Treatment)

Family Treatments for Specific Abused Substances

Conclusion: Treatment Recommendations

References

Residential Treatment of Adolescents with Substance Use Disorders: Evidence-Based Approaches and Best Practice Recommendations

Introduction

Residential Treatment

Substance Abuse

Prevalence, Need for Treatment, and Population Parameters

The Prevalence of Alcohol Use

The Prevalence of Marijuana Use

Need for Treatment

Population Parameters

Theoretical Background and Principal Interventions

Interventions That Work—Features of Successful Programs

Interventions That Might Work—Application of Evidence-Based Practices in Residential Settings

Policy Changes Pertaining to Health Care

Best Practice Recommendations

Treatment Recommendations

Organizational Recommendations

References

The Treatment and Prevention of Adolescent Opioid and Prescription Misuse and Abuse

Introduction

Terminology

Opioid-Specific Terms, Pharmacologic Effects, and Withdrawal

Benzodiazepine-Specific Terms, Pharmacologic Effects, and Withdrawal

Epidemiology in the USA

Treatment

Assessment

Treatment of Opioid Use Disorders

Treatment of Benzodiazepine Use Disorders

Effective Prevention and Harm Reduction Approaches

Summary

References

The Prevention and Treatment of  Adolescent Stimulant and  Methamphetamine Use

Introduction

History of Stimulant Misuse

Prevalence of Adolescent Stimulant Use

Pharmacological and Clinical Characteristics of Stimulant Misuse

Receptor Pharmacology

Routes of Administration and Use Patterns

Short-Term Effects

Long-Term Effects

Primary Prevention Efforts

Population and Community-Level Efforts: Regulation and Media Campaigns

School-Based Programs

Family-Based Programs

Summary of Evidence-Based Primary Prevention Efforts

Evidence-Based Treatments

Screening and Brief Interventions

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Contingency Management

Family-Based Approaches

Pharmacotherapy

Summary of Evidence-Based Interventions

Conclusions

References

Adolescent Self-Help in Substance Abuse Interventions

Introduction

Substance Abuse and Misuse Among US Adolescents and Youth

Substance Abuse and Misuse Treatment Utilization by US Adolescents and Youth

Adolescent Substance Abuse and Misuse Treatment

Group Therapy

Therapeutic Communities

Self-Help

Adolescent Self-Help/Mutual Help

Benefits of Self-Help/Mutual Help for Adolescents

Barriers to Self-Help/Mutual Help Attendance

Flexibility

Relapse

Recovery

Concluding Remarks

References

Primary Prevention in Adolescent Substance Abuse

What Is Primary Prevention?

History as Mirror to Today

Explanatory Models of Prevention and Substance Abuse

The Tools of Primary Prevention

Theory-And-Evidence-Based Practice and Evaluation-Informed Practice in Primary Prevention

Applications of These Theories/Research-Based Practices in Field Settings

Conclusion

References

Recovering to Recovery Among Adolescent Youth

Introduction

Why Recovering Is Important

A Common Theoretical Framework for Substance Use and Recovering

Defining Recovering

Relapse and Recovering

What Works to Support Recovering Outcomes

What Might Work to Support Recovering Outcomes

Recovery Schools

Self-Help Groups

What Does Not Support Recovering Outcomes

Summary

References

School-Based Prevention-Evolution of Evidence-Based Strategies

Introduction

History of Prevention Science

History of Introducing Effective Substance Use Prevention Interventions into Schools

The Application of Prevention Science to the Development of Evidence-Based Prevention Interventions

The International Standards on Drug Use Prevention

Evidence-Based Prevention Interventions for Schools

School Culture and School Bonding

School Policy

Classroom Curriculum

Interventions That Do Not Work

Recommendations for School-Based Prevention and Health Promotion

References

Evidence-Based Practices: Community-Based Interventions to Reduce Alcohol Use and Misuse

Introduction

What Is Community Prevention for Adolescent Substance Abuse?

What Is the Estimated Number of Adolescents Using/Misusing Substances Yearly?

Community Coalitions as a Mechanism for Preventing Substance Use

What Types of Preventive/Promotive Interventions Are Presently Used in Communities?

Research on Community-Based Preventive Interventions

Saving Lives Program

Project Northland

Communities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol (CMCA)

Community Trials Intervention to Reduce High-Risk Drinking

Project SixTeen

Midwestern Prevention Project

Communities That Care Communities That Care (CTC)

Environmental Strategies/Policies That Address Alcohol Use and Misuse

Summary Research on Positive Youth Development

Promising Approaches for Prevention

Challenges for Communities

Summary

References

Epilogue: The Present State of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment and Prevention Practice

Evidence-Based Practice

Impressions

Treatment

Prevention

Final Thoughts

References

Index