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Development of the Nervous System
von: Dan H. Sanes, Thomas A. Reh, William A. Harris
Elsevier Trade Monographs, 2011
ISBN: 9780080923208 , 360 Seiten
3. Auflage
Format: PDF, ePUB, OL
Kopierschutz: DRM
Preis: 68,95 EUR
Front Cover
1
Development of the Nervous System
4
Copyright
5
To our families
6
Contents
8
Preface to the Third Edition
12
Preface to the Second Edition
14
Preface to the First Edition
16
Chapter 1: Neural induction
18
Development and Evolution of Neurons
18
Early Embryology of Metazoans
18
Derivation of Neural Tissue
19
Interactions with Neighboring Tissues in Making Neural Tissue
24
The Molecular Nature of the Neural Inducer
27
Conservation of Neural Induction
30
Interactions among the ectodermal cells in controlling neuroblast segregation
34
Summary
38
References
38
Chapter 2: Polarity and segmentation
40
Regional identity of the nervous system
40
The anterior–posterior axis and hox genes
41
Hox gene function in the vertebrate nervous system
43
Signaling molecules that pattern the anterior–posterior axis in vertebrates: heads or tails
46
Organizing centers in the developing brain
50
Forebrain development, prosomeres, and pax genes
51
Dorsal–ventral polarity in the neural tube
55
Dorsal neural tube and neural crest
57
Patterning the cerebral cortex
61
Summary
64
References
64
Chapter 3: Genesis and migration
66
What Determines the Number of Cells Produced by the Progenitors?
69
The Generation of Neurons and Glia
72
Cerebral Cortex Histogenesis
75
Cerebellar Cortex Histogenesis
80
Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Migration
82
Postembryonic and Adult Neurogenesis
84
Summary
90
References
90
Chapter 4: Determination and differentiation
94
Transcriptional Hierarchies in Invariant Lineages: C. Elegans Neurons
96
Spatial and Temporal Coordinates of Determination: Drosophila CNS Neuroblasts
99
Asymmetric Cell Divisions and Asymmetric Fate
100
Generating Complexity Through Cellular Interactions: the Drosophila Retina
102
Specification and Differentiation Through Cellular Interactions and Interactions With the Local Environment: the Vertebrate Neural Crest
104
Competence and Histogenesis: the Mammalian Cortex
107
The Interplay of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Influences in Histogenesis: the Vertebrate Retina
109
Interpreting Gradients and the Spatial Organization of cell Types: Spinal Motor Neurons
115
Summary
119
References
120
Chapter 5: Axon growth and guidance
122
The Growth Cone
123
The Dynamic Cytoskeleton
127
Dendrite Formation
132
What do Growth Cones Grow on?
134
What Provides Directional Information to Growth Cones?
137
Cell Adhesion and Labeled Pathways
138
Repulsive Guidance
141
Chemotaxis, Gradients, and Local Information
143
Signal Transduction
146
The midline: to Cross or Not to Cross?
147
Attraction and Repulsion: Desensitization and Adaptation
148
The Optic Pathway: Getting There From Here
151
Summary
155
References
155
Chapter 6: Target selection
160
Defasciculation
160
Target Recognition and Target Entry
161
Slowing Down and Branching in the Target Region
163
Border Patrol: the Prevention of Inappropriate Targeting
164
Topographic Mapping
166
Chemospecificity and Ephrins
167
The Third Dimension, Lamina-Specific Termination
170
Cellular and Synaptic Targeting
174
Sniffing out Targets
175
Shifting and Fine Tuning of Connections
179
Summary
183
References
183
Chapter 7: Naturally-occurring neuron death
188
What Does Neuron Death Look Like?
188
Early Elimination of Progenitor Cells
190
How Many Differentiated Neurons Die?
190
Survival Depends on the Synaptic Target
191
NGF: a Target-Derived Survival Factor
193
The Neurotrophin Family
195
The Trk Family of Neurotrophin Receptors
196
How Does the Neurotrophin Signal Reach the Soma?
198
The p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Can Initiate Cell Death
199
Cytokines Act as Neuron Survival Factors
201
Hormonal Control of Neuron Survival
203
Cell Death Requires Protein Synthesis
205
Intracellular Signaling Pathways that Mediate Survival
205
Intracellular Signaling Pathways that Mediate Death
208
Caspases: Agents of Death
209
Bcl-2 Proteins: Regulators of Programmed Cell Death
211
Removal of Dying Neurons
213
Synaptic Transmission at the Target
214
Afferent Regulation of Neuron Survival
215
Intracellular Calcium Mediates Both Survival and Death
216
Summary
218
References
218
Chapter 8: Synapse formation and function
226
What do Newly Formed Synapses Look Like?
231
Where Do Synapses Form on the Postsynaptic Cell?
232
How Rapidly Are Synapses Added to the Nervous System?
234
The First Signs of Synapse Function
234
The Decision to form a Synapse
237
The Sticky Synapse
238
Converting Growth Cones to Presynaptic Terminals
240
Receptor Clustering and Postsynaptic Differentiation at the NMJ
242
Agrin is a Transynaptic Clustering Signal at the NMJ
243
Receptor Clustering Signals in the CNS
245
Scaffold Proteins and Receptor Aggregation in the CNS
247
Innervation Increases Receptor Expression and Insertion
249
Synaptic Activity Regulates Receptor Density
251
Maturation of Transmission and Receptor Isoform Transitions
253
Maturation of Transmitter Reuptake
255
Short-term Plasticity
256
Appearance of Synaptic Inhibition
257
Is Inhibition Really Inhibitory During Development?
257
Summary
258
References
259
Chapter 9: Refinement of synaptic connections
266
The early Pattern of Connections
266
Functional Synapses are Eliminated
267
Many Axonal Arborizations are Eliminated or Refined
269
The Sensory Environment Influences Synaptic Connections
272
Activity Influences Synapse Elimination at the NMJ
277
Synapse Refinement is Reflected in Sensory Coding Properties
278
Activity contributes to Topography and the Alignment of Maps
280
Spontaneous Activity and Afferent Refinement
283
Critical Periods: Enhanced Plasticity During Development
285
Heterosynaptic Depression and Synapse Elimination
286
Involvement of Intracellular Calcium
289
Calcium-Activated Second Messenger Systems
290
Gain Control
292
Homeostatic Plasticity: the More Things Change, the More they Stay the Same
293
Plasticity of Inhibitory Connections
294
Synaptic Influence on Neuron Morphology
296
Summary
298
References
298
Chapter 10: Behavioral development
304
Behavioral Ontogeny
304
The first Movements are Spontaneous
305
The Mechanism of Spontaneous Movements
306
More Complex Behavior is Assembled from the Integration of Simple Circuits
307
The role of Activity in the Emergence of Coordinated Behavior
311
Stage-specific Behaviors
313
Genetic Determinants of Behavior
315
Environmental Determinants of Behavioral Development
316
Beginning to Make Sense of the World
319
Asking Babies Questions (and Getting Some Answers!)
319
Acute Hearing
320
Sharp Eyesight
323
Sex-specific Behavior
325
Genetic Sex
326
Hormonal Control of Brain Gender
326
Singing in the Brain
328
Genetic Control of Brain Hender in Flies
328
From Genome to Brain Gender in Vertebrates?
329
Genomic Imprinting: The Ultimate in Parental Control
330
Hit the Ground Learning
332
Learning preferences from aversions
334
Skill Learning: It Don’t Come Easy
336
Getting information from one brain to another
338
Language
339
Summary
342
References
342
Molecules and Genes Index
348
Subject Index
352
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