Evolution of Communism - The Coming Revolution!

I. BOURGEOISES AND PROLETARIANS [1 *]

So far, history is the history of all societies, class struggles.

Free people and slaves, patriarchs and plebes, gentlemen with serfs, guild masters [3 *] and kalfa, one word, one oppressed with oppression have always faced each other, uninterrupted, occasionally covered, sometimes open, Either by a totally revolutionary re-establishment of the society, or by the collapse of the conflicting classes.

In earlier periods of history, almost everywhere, we find a complicated social order, a wide range of social position grades, in various clusters. Patriarchs, knights, plebs, slaves in ancient Rome; The medieval feudal lords, the vassals, the guild masters, the chalets, the apprentices, the serfs; In almost all of these classes, we see lower grades.

Modern bourgeois society, which has tipped through the destruction of feudal society, has not lifted class antagonisms from the very beginning. New classes, new press conditions, new forms of struggle instead of old.

However, the distinctive feature of our age, the age of the bourgeoisie, is that it simplifies class antagonisms. The whole society is increasingly divided into two major enemy camps, two large classes directly facing each other: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.

From the serfs of the Middle Ages, came the distinguished urbanites of the first cities. The first items of the bourgeoisie also developed from these urbanites.

The discovery of America, the circumnavigation of Cape of Good Hope, opened new fields for the emerging bourgeoisie. The East Indian and Chinese markets, the colonization of America, the exploitation of commerce, the increase in the means of exchange and in general the commodities, the commercial, the shipping, the industrial, the unprecedented breakthrough, and thus the rapid development of the revolutionary element of feudal society in its collapse.

The feudal industrial system, in which industrial production was monopolized by closed lonces, was no longer sufficient for the growing needs of new markets. His manufacturing system took his place. Guild master craftsmen were pushed to an edge by the middle class [6]; The division of labor between different guild units has disappeared in the face of the division of labor within each individual workshop.

Meanwhile, the markets continued to grow steadily, demand continued to rise steadily. Even the builder was not enough anymore. On top of that, steam and machine revolutionized industrial production. Manufuction took its place in the giant modern industry, the industrial middle class, the industrial millions, the leaders of all industrial armies, the modern bourgeoisie.

Modern industry has established a world market in which America has laid its foundations for exploration. This market has made great progress in trade, shipping, and road transport. This development also affected the spread of industry; And the bourgeoisie has developed in the same direction, in proportion to the expansion of industry, commerce, shipping, and railways, has increased its capital and has pushed all the classes from the Middle Ages into the background.

Thus we see how the modern bourgeoisie itself is the product of a series of revolutions in the form of a long development path, production and change.

Every development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political progression of this class. A class oppressed under the sovereignty of the feudal nobility is a self-governing and armed group in the medieval commune; There is an independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany), where the monarchy is the "third tier" of the taxpayer (as it is in France), the latter in the period of the actual manufacture, The bourgeoisie, which, in fact, served as an absolute monarchy and, in fact, the cornerstone of the great monarchies in general, eventually seized political sovereignty in the modern representative state since the establishment of modern industry and the world market.

Modern state administration is nothing but a committee that manages the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.

The bourgeoisie has played a very revolutionary role in history.

The bourgeoisie ended all feudal, patriarchal, romantic associations everywhere it took advantage of. He brutally broke the various feudal ties that linked humanity to the "natural masters", and left no bond between man and man, naked self-extract, rigid "cash payment". He drowned in the icy waters of selfish calculations, the spiritual enthusiasm of religious passion, knightly ecstasy, and arrogant sentimentality. Personal value is reduced to exchange-value, and instead of innumerable indestructible privileged freedoms, he has put on the only merciless freedom, trade freedom. Instead of a single verbal, religious, and political illusion of a cursed expletive, it was clear, shameless, direct, vulgar exploitation.

The bourgeoisie has dismissed the pretensions of all the professions that have so far been respected and respected. He brought his doctor, lawyer, patriarch, poet, scientist to his own paid laborer.

The bourgeoisie tore away the emotional nephew of the family and reduced it to a purely money relationship.

The bourgeoisie made it clear how the medieval brute force demonstration of the reactionaries was a complement to the most immovable laziness. It was the first to show what a human activity could do. The Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts and Gothic cathedrals have created masterpieces that are more than doubled; All previous historical migrations and crusades were held in the shadows.

The bourgeoisie can not exist without constantly revolutionizing the means of production, and thus the relations of production, and with them all of the social relations. The contrary, contrary to all previous industrialist classes, was the preservation of old forms of production unchanged. The continuous deterioration of production, the uninterrupted deterioration of the order in all social conditions, the uncertainty and the mobility of endlessness distinguish the bourgeois age from all the previous ones. All fixed, frozen associations are liquidated with old and respectable prejudices and opinions they bring with them, and all newly formed ones are out of ossification. Whatever is settled melts away, whatever is sacred is cursed, and man has to look at his real life conditions and his relations with his fellow man finally with a sober mind.

A constantly expanding market requirement for its products is chasing the bourgeoisie to the four sides of the earth. He has to live everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere.

The bourgeoisie gave a cosmopolitan character to the exploitation of the world market, to the production and consumption of each country. Strangled with the deep sorrows, the industry took its national foundation, standing on its feet. All formerly established national industries have been demolished and are still being demolished every day. These are industrialized factories that process the raw materials brought from the most remote regions, not the domestic raw materials, by the new industries that have become a matter of death-and-stay for all civilized nations, whose products are consumed by the consumed industries not only in the country but also in every part of the world. The old necessities, which are met by the production of that country, receive new necessities which require the products of the far-away countries and climates to be welcomed. We see that the old local and national closeness and self-sufficiency have taken on the multidimensional interdependence of multidimensional relations of the nations. And it is also in mental production, which is in material production. The mental creations of individual nations become common property. National unilateralism and sarcasm are increasingly impossible and a world literature emerges from countless national and local writings.

The bourgeoisie draws into the civilization all the nations, even the most barbarous, with the rapid recovery of all means of production, and with the means of communication made extremely easy. Cheap commodity prices are hefty sums that place all Chinese sets and force barbarous stubborn xenophobia to surrender. All nations are forced to adopt the form of bourgeois production, with the threat of destruction; He forces them to ignore the thing called civilization, that is, to become bourgeois personally. A single word creates a world similar to your own.

The bourgeoisie took the dominance of the infamous cities. He created very large cities, the urban population, greatly increased in comparison with the province, and thus saved a considerable part of the population from the bustle of rural life. The barbarian and semi-barbarian countries have made it dependent on the civilized, the peasant nations to the bourgeois international, and the east to the west, even though the irrigation has made them dependent on the cities.

The bourgeoisie is increasingly putting an end to the scattered state of population, means of production and property. The concentration of the population has centralized the means of production, and has intensified property in a few hands. This is a necessary consequence, political...