Media, Crime and Racism

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

1: Introduction

References

2: Turning the Tables? Media Constructions of British Asians from Victims to Criminals, 1962–2011

Introduction: British Asians, the Media and the Race-Ethnicity ‘Problem’

Closing the Circle? A Law and Order Campaign Against British Asians

1962–1976 Illegal Immigration, Deportation and Political Protest

1970–1972 The Kenyan and Ugandan Asian Immigration Crisis

1970–1972 ‘Paki-Bashing’ and the Beginnings of Asian Self-Defence

1974–1977 Policing Asian Industrial Relations

1976–1987 The Rebellion of the Asian Youth Movements

1988–1989 The Rushdie Affair: Islamisation of Public Protest

1989–1994 Resurgence of Racist Violent and Asian Self-Defence: Constructing Asian Criminality

1993–2001 Media Constructions of British Asian and Muslim Criminality

1995–2001 Constructing British Muslim Public Disorder

2005–2011 The Terrorist Threat and Islamophobia

Overview: From Victims to Criminals

Theory and Populism: Asians, Racism and the Media

Discussion and Conclusion

References

3: Cultural Repertoires and Modern Menaces: The Media’s Racialised Coverage of Child Sexual Exploitation

Introduction

Claiming Cultural Specificity in CSE: Rochdale and Rotherham

Racialising CSE: Causes, Methods and Consequences

Concluding Comments

References

4: Media, State and ‘Political Correctness’: The Racialisation of the Rotherham Child Sexual Abuse Scandal

Introduction

From the National to the Local: Race, Culture and Media Framing

Local Media and Liberal Accounts

‘Political Correctness’: A Familiar and Lasting Refrain

Collective Blame and Anti-Muslim Racism

Challenging Sexual Abuse and Anti-Muslim Racism

Conclusion

References

5: The New Year’s 2015/2016 Public Sexual Violence Debate in Germany: Media Discourse, Gendered Anti-Muslim Racism and Criminal Law

Introduction

Gendered Violence: The ‘Private’ and ‘Public’ Dimension of Sexual Violence Against Women

The October Fest or Taharrush? Place, Crime, Ethnicity and Gender

All Women the Same? The Lack of Acknowledging Muslim and Minority Women as Victims of Public Violence

The Criminal Law Debate: Women and ‘Sexual Autonomy’

Conclusion

References

6: Culture, Media and Everyday Practices: Unveiling and Challenging Islamophobia

Introduction

Media, Culture and Politics: An Unsettling Context for Muslims?

The Empirical Study: Purpose, Design and Methods

Attribution of Oppression: Muslim Women as Passive Subjects

Public Property, Power and Religion

Respect, Modesty and Sartorial Choice

Conclusion

References

7: Stupid Paki Loving Bitch: The Politics of Online Islamophobia and Misogyny

Introduction

The Contours of Online Hate

Conclusion

References

8: ‘Ta-Ta Qatada’: Islamophobic Moral Panic and the British Tabloid Press

Global Islamophobia

Abu Who?

Islamophobic Moral Panic

Moral Panic over Abu Qatada

Methodology

Theme 1: Evil—Abu Qatada as a Figure of Hate

‘Al-Qaeda Monster Who Wants Us Dead’

Abu Qatada as the ‘Hate Preacher’

Theme 2: Welfare Scrounger

Theme 3: The ‘Throw Him Out’ Campaign

‘Must Try Harder to Kick Out Qatada’

Theme 4: Human Rights Gone Mad

Conclusion

Coda

References

9: Bordering on Denial: State Persecution, Border Controls and the Rohingya Refugee Crisis

Introduction

Forced Migration and the Unfolding Crisis

Media Narratives of the Crisis

A Border Policing Crisis

Human Smuggling and Trafficking

The Crisis of the Rohingya

Border Policing, State Crime and Denial

Conclusion

References

10: Social Death: The (White) Racial Framing of the Calais ‘Jungle’ and ‘Illegal’ Migrants in the British Tabloids and Right-Wing Press

The Racialised Outsider and the Calais ‘Jungle’

From Refugees to ‘Illegal’ Migrants: Using Racial Frames to (Re)Produce Social Death

Conclusion

References

11: Racism as a Crime in Britain’s Right-­Wing Press

News Values, Racism and Law and Order

Methodology

News Hooks1

Racist Practices

Victim and Villain Roles

Conclusion

References

12: Closeness and Distance in Media Reports on the Trollhättan Attack

“This Can Happen in Sweden”: The Compassionate Spectatorship

“A Problem-Ridden School”: Kronogården as a Threat

Racism and Breaking from the Frame

Epilogue: Media Self-Reflection and the Issue of Responsibility

References

13: Racism, the Press and Black Deaths in Police Custody in the United Kingdom

Consent and the Representation of Black Dissent

A Problem of Perception

The Construction of Police Impunity

Police Power and the War over Liberalism

Conclusion

References

14: Indigenous People, Resistance and Racialised Criminality

Reporting Deaths in Custody

The Media, Deaths in Custody and Indigenous Resistance

Redfern Riot 2004

Palm Island Riot 2004

Racism and Social Media

The Townsville Crime Alerts and Discussion Facebook Group

Andrew Bolt and Hate Speech

Indigenous Media and Resistance

Conclusion

References

Cases

15: An Analysis of Anti-Black Crime Reporting in Toronto: Evidence from News Frames and Critical Race Theory

Introduction

Method

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Results

Tone of Coverage

Blacks

Police

Framing Blacks and Police in Toronto News Reports

Discussion

#BlackLivesMatter: Reframing the Message

Conclusion

References

16: Contesting the Single Story: Collective Punishment, Myth-Making and Racialised Criminalisation

Introduction

Race and Criminality: A Hardwired Bias1

Joint Enterprise and Gangs

A Racialised Gang Narrative: The Engine for Joint Enterprise Prosecutions

Processes of Black Otherisation

The Media: Rehearsal and Amplification of the Racialised ‘Gang’ Narrative

Conclusion

References

17: The Figure of the ‘Foreign Criminal’: Race, Gender and the FNP

Introduction

The Emergence of the FNP and Its Consequences

The FNP Scandal and the Consensus

‘Bad Migrants’

‘Evil Criminals’

What Work Does the ‘Foreignness’ of the ‘Foreign Criminal Do?

Victims and Villains

The Cases that Said It All

Conclusion

References

18: Beyond Media Discourse: Locating Race and Racism in Criminal Justice Systems

Introduction

Media, Race and Criminal Justice

Racism, Ideology and the Material

Institutionalised Racism

Differential Racism and Essentialism

Conclusion

References

Index