Social Movements, Memory and Media - Narrative in Action in the Italian and Spanish Student Movements

Acknowledgements

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Part I: Introduction, Background and Methods

1: Introduction

References

Bibliography

2: Memory and Movements: A Long Research Path

1 Conceptualising Memory in Social Science

2 Memory and Legacies in Social Movement Studies

3 The Media as the Arena of Public Memory

4 Memory and Movements: A Research Agenda

Memory in Discourse

Memory in Action

References

Bibliography

3: The Student Movements in Italy and Spain and How to Study Their Memories

1 Research Design and Case Studies

Contentious Past

Present

2 Media Content Analysis

3 Interviews with Contemporary Activists

Memory in Located Memory Texts

4 An Experience of Engaged Research

References

Bibliography

Part II: Memory in Discourse: Representations of the 1960s and 1970s in the Media Forum

4: Contentious Memories of the Italian Student Movement: The ‘Long 1968’ in the Field of Public Memory

1 The Student Movement, 1968, 1977

2 Historiography

3 Public Memory

Cinema, TV, and the Press

Memoirs and Narrative

4 Tracing the Paths of Two Events in 40 Years of Public Memory

Sources

Events

Some Peculiar Cultural Artefacts as Memory Carriers

5 The ‘Battle of Valle Giulia’

6 The ‘Chase of Lama’

7 Concluding Remarks

Possessive Memory and Contentious Politics

The Decreasing Malleability of Mnemonic Material

The Two 1968s: 1968-Counterculture Versus the 1968-Struggle

Valle Giulia as the Canon of Social Conflict (the Role of Cultural Artefacts)

Repositories of Memory

References

Bibliography

5: Contentious Memories of the Spanish Student Movement: Representations of the Spanish 1968 in the Public Memory of the Transition

1 The Spanish 1968 Between Student Mobilisation and Anti-Francoism

2 The Debate on Memory and the Spanish Transition

3 Sources: The Spanish Press and the Transition to Democracy

4 La Capuchinada: 1968 Before 1968

5 ‘En extrañas circunstancias’: The Memory and Oblivion of Enrique Ruano’s Death

6 Concluding Remarks

Political Context, Social Mobilisation, and Different Narratives

Actors: Appropriation and Possessive Memory

Democratisation, Controversial Victims, and the Sixty-­Eight-­isation of Spanish Memory

References

Bibliography

Part III: Memory in Action: Mnemonic Practices, Collective Identities and Strategic Choices in Contemporary Student Movements

6: Syntax: The Forms of Memory

1 Memories, Legacies, Continuities, and Rituals: Keeping Together Macro, Meso, and Micro Levels

2 Syntax: The Forms of Memory

Origin Stories and Foundation Myths

Organisational or Material Structures Remaining from the Past

Protest Traditions and Political Connotations of the Local Field of Action

Comparisons Between Waves of Mobilisation

‘Classical’ Repertoires and the Textbook of Student Mobilisation

3 Concluding Remarks

References

Bibliography

Interviews

7: Semantics: The Competing Narratives of Student Movement Memories

1 Introduction

Competing Memories

Resisting Memories

2 What Past Do Activist Refer To?

Italy

Spain

3 Analogies and Differences

4 ‘We Start from Scratch Every Time’: The Eternal Turnover of the Student Movement

5 ‘What Came Before Us, We Lived It, as an Organisation’: Movement Areas as Mnemonic Communities

6 ‘I Learned It from the Newspapers’: A Complex Repertoire, Plural Repositories, and Movement Culture Permeability

7 Concluding Remarks

References

Bibliography

Interviews

8: Pragmatics: Memory, Identity, and Strategy

1 The Return of the ‘Already Seen’: Comparisons from Outside and Movement Reactions

2 Imagined Continuities: Comparisons from Inside and Movement Appropriation of Memory

3 Cultural Traumas

4 Knowing the Textbook and Learning from It

5 No Trespassing: Historical Taboos, Inherited Proscriptions, and Metonymies

6 Born This Way: The Groups’ Given Identities and the Curse of History

7 Memory Work and Memory at Work: Dealing with Inherited Identities in the Context of Mobilisation

8 Limited Apostasy: Downplaying Identity

9 Unity and Innovation in the Emergence of Mobilisation

10 Sweet Weight: The Limits of Apostasy and the Choice of Compliance

11 The Lighter the Better: The Strategic Exploitation of the Others’ Inherited Constraints

12 ‘There and Back Again’: Mobilisation as the Context of Change

13 Concluding Remarks

References

Bibliography

Interviews

9: Conclusions

1 Collective Memory and Social Movements

2 Memory: A Complex Repertoire and Plural Repositories

3 Movements: An Embedded History in Identity, Strategy, and Continuity

4 Proposals for a Contextual Analysis of Mnemonic Processes

5 Open Questions

References

Bibliography

Bibliography

Interviews

Index