Designing Embedded Systems with PIC Microcontrollers - Principles and Applications

Cover

Copyright page

Table of contents

Introduction

Acknowledgements

Section 1: Getting Started with Embedded Systems

Chapter 1. Tiny computers, hidden control

1.1 The main idea – embedded systems in today’s world

1.2 Some example embedded systems

1.3 Some computer essentials

1.4 Microprocessors and microcontrollers

1.5 Microchip and the PIC microcontroller

1.6 An introduction to PIC microcontrollers using the 12 Series

1.7 What others do – a Freescale microcontroller

Summary

References

Section 2: Minimum Systems and the PIC 16F84A

Chapter 2. Introducing the PIC 16 Series and the 16F84A

2.1 The main idea – the PIC 16 Series family

2.2 An architecture overview of the 16F84A

2.3 A review of memory technologies

2.4 The 16F84A memory

2.5 Some issues of timing

2.6 Power-up and Reset

2.7 What others do – the Atmel AT89C2051

2.8 Taking things further – the 16F84A on-chip reset circuit

Summary

References

Chapter 3. Parallel ports, power supply and the clock oscillator

3.1 The main idea – parallel input/output

3.2 The technical challenge of parallel input/output

3.3 Connecting to the parallel port

3.4 The PIC 16F84A parallel ports

3.5 The clock oscillator

3.6 Power supply

3.7 The hardware design of the electronic ping-pong

Summary

References

Chapter 4. Starting to program – an introduction to Assembler

4.1 The main idea – what programs do and how we develop them

4.2 The PIC 16 Series instruction set, with a little more on the ALU

4.3 Assemblers and Assembler format

4.4 Creating simple programs

4.5 Adopting a development environment

4.6 An introductory MPLAB tutorial

4.7 An introduction to simulation

4.8 Downloading the program to a microcontroller

4.9 What others do – a brief comparison of CISC and RISC instruction sets

4.10 Taking things further – the 16 Series instruction set format

Summary

References

Chapter 5. Building Assembler programs

5.1 The main idea – building structured programs

5.2 Flow control – branching and subroutines

5.3 Generating time delays and intervals

5.4 Dealing with data

5.5 Introducing logical instructions

5.6 Introducing arithmetic instructions and the Carry flag

5.7 Taming Assembler complexity

5.8 More use of the MPLAB simulator

5.9 The ping-pong program

5.10 Simulating the ping-pong program – tutorial

5.11 What others do – graphical simulators

Summary

References

Chapter 6. Working with time: interrupts, counters and timers

6.1 The main idea – interrupts

6.2 Working with interrupts

6.3 The main idea – counters and timers

6.4 Applying the 16F84A Timer 0, with examples using the electronic ping-pong

6.5 TheWatchdog Timer

6.6 Sleep mode

6.7 What others do

6.8 Taking things further – interrupt latency

Summary

Section 3: Larger Systems and the PIC 16F873A

Chapter 7. Larger systems and the PIC 16F873A

7.1 The main idea – the PIC 16F87XA

7.2 The 16F873A block diagram and CPU

7.3 16F873A memory and memory maps

7.4 ‘Special’ memory operations

7.5 The 16F873A interrupts

7.6 The 16F873A oscillator, reset and power supply

7.7 The 16F873A parallel ports

7.8 Test, commission and diagnostic tools

7.9 The Microchip in-circuit debugger (ICD 2)

7.10 Applying the 16F873A: the Derbot AGV

7.11 Downloading, testing and running a simple program with ICD 2

7.12 Taking things further – the 16F874A/16F877A Ports D and E

Summary

References

Chapter 8. The human and physical interfaces

8.1 The main idea – the human interface

8.2 From switches to keypads

8.3 LED displays

8.4 Liquid crystal displays

8.5 The main idea – interfacing to the physical world

8.6 Some simple sensors

8.7 More on digital input

8.8 Actuators: motors and servos

8.9 Interfacing to actuators

8.10 Building up the Derbot

8.11 Applying sensors and actuators – a ‘blind’ navigation Derbot program

Summary

References

Chapter 9. Taking timing further

9.1 The main ideas – taking counting and timing further

9.2 The 16F87XA Timer 0 and Timer 1

9.3 The 16F87XA Timer 2, comparator and PR2 register

9.4 The capture/compare/PWM (CCP) modules

9.5 Pulse width modulation

9.6 Generating PWM in software

9.7 PWM used for digital-to-analog conversion

9.8 Frequency measurement

9.9 Speed control applied to the Derbot

9.10 Where there is no timer

9.11 Sleep mode

9.12 Where do we go from here?

9.13 Building up the Derbot

Summary

Reference

Chapter 10. Starting with serial

10.1 The main idea – introducing serial

10.2 Simple serial links – synchronous data communication

10.3 The 16F87XA Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) module in SPI mode

10.4 A simple SPI example

10.5 The limitations of Microwire and SPI, and of simple synchronous serial transfer

10.6 Enhancing synchronous serial, and the Inter-Integrated Circuit bus

10.7 The MSSP configured for I2C

10.8 I2C applied in the Derbot AGV

10.9 Evaluation of synchronous serial data communication and an introduction to asynchronous

10.10 The 16F87XA Addressable Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter ( USART)

10.11 Implementing serial without a serial port – ‘bit banging’

10.12 Building up the Derbot

Summary

References

Chapter 11. Data acquisition and manipulation

11.1 The main idea – analog and digital quantities, their acquisition and use

11.2 The data acquisition system

11.3 The PIC 16F87XA ADC module

11.4 Applying the ADC in the Derbot light meter program

11.5 Some simple data manipulation techniques

11.6 The Derbot light-seeking program

11.7 The comparator module

11.8 Applying the Derbot circuit for measurement purposes

11.9 Configuring the Derbot AGV as a light-seeking robot

Summary

References

Section 4: Smarter Systems and the PIC 18FXX2

Chapter 12. Smarter systems and the PIC 18FXX2

12.1 The main idea – the PIC 18 Series and the 18FXX2

12.2 The 18F2X2 block diagram and Status register

12.3 The 18 Series instruction set

12.4 Data memory and Special Function Registers

12.5 Program memory

12.6 The Stacks

12.7 The interrupts

12.8 Power supply and reset

12.9 The oscillator sources

12.10 Introductory programming with the 18F242

Summary

References

Chapter 13. The PIC 18FXX2 peripherals

13.1 The main idea – the 18FXX2 peripherals

13.2 The parallel ports

13.3 The timers

13.4 The capture/compare/PWM (CCP) modules

13.5 The serial ports

13.6 The analog-to-digital converter (ADC)

13.7 Low-voltage detect

13.8 Applying the 18 Series in the Derbot-18

13.9 The 18F2420 and the extended instruction set

Summary

Reference

Chapter 14. Introducing C

14.1 The main idea – why C?

14.2 An introduction to C

14.3 Compiling the C program

14.4 The MPLAB C18 compiler

14.5 A C18 tutorial

14.6 Simulating a C program

14.7 A second C example – the Fibonacci program

14.8 The MPLAB C18 libraries

14.9 Further reading

Summary

References

Chapter 15. C and the embedded environment

15.1 The main idea – adapting C to the embedded environment

15.2 Controlling and branching on bit values

15.3 More on functions

15.4 More branching and looping

15.5 Using the timer and PWM peripherals

Summary

Chapter 16. Acquiring and using data with C

16.1 The main idea – using C for data manipulation

16.2 Using the 18FXX2 ADC

16.3 Pointers, arrays and strings

16.4 Using the I2C peripheral

16.5 Formatting data for display

Summary

Chapter 17. More C and the wider C environment

17.1 The main idea – more C and the wider C environment

17.2 Assembler inserts

17.3 Controlling memory allocation

17.4 Interrupts

17.5 Example with interrupt on overflow – flashing LEDs on the Derbot

17.6 Storage classes and their application

17.7 Start-up code: c018i.c

17.8 Structures, unions and bit-fields

17.9 Processor-specific header files

17.10 Taking things further – the MPLAB Linker and the . map file

Summary

References

Chapter 18. Multi-tasking and the Real Time Operating System

18.1 The main ideas – the challenge of multi-tasking and real time

18.2 Achieving multi-tasking with sequential programming

18.3 The Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

18.4 Scheduling and the scheduler

18.5 Developing tasks

18.6 Data and resource protection – the semaphore

18.7 Where do we go from here?

Summary

References

Chapter 19. The SalvoTM Real Time Operating System

19.1 The main idea – Salvo, an example RTOS

19.2 Configuring the Salvo application

19.3 Writing Salvo programs

19.4 A first Salvo example

19.5 Using interrupts, delays and semaphores with Salvo

19.6 Using Salvo messages and increasing RTOS complexity

19.7 A program example with messages

19.8 The RTOS overhead

Summary

References

Section 5: Techniques of Connectivity and Networking

Chapter 20. Connectivity and networks

20.1 The main idea – networking and connectivity

20.2 Infrared connectivity

20.3 Radio connectivity

20.4 Controller Area Network (CAN) and Local Interconnect Network (LIN)

20.5 Embedded systems and the Internet

20.6 Conclusion

Summary

References

Appendix 1. The PIC 16 Series instruction set

Appendix 2. The electronic ping-pong

Appendix 3. The Derbot AGV – hardware design details

Appendix 4. Some basics of Autonomous Guided Vehicles

Appendix 5. PIC 18 Series instruction set (non-extended)

Appendix 6. Essentials of C

Index