Sustainability in Food and Water - An Asian Perspective

Sustainability in Food and Water

Table of Contents

Preface

PART 1 Water Resources Management

Sustainable Water Resource Management in China: A Great Challenge

Introduction

Study Area Description

Water Resource Availability

Water Consumption

Projected Future Water Demand

Sustainable Water Resource Management and Strategies

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Affecting Factors of Salinity Intrusion in Pearl River Estuary and Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources in Pearl River Delta

Introduction

Analysis of Factors Affecting Salinity Intrusion

The Decrease of the Runoff from Upstream in Dry Period

The Topography Change of Estuary and Rivers

The Rise of Sea Level Resulting from Global Warming

The Effect of Wind Direction on Salinity Intrusion (Pan, 2007)

Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources in Pearl River Delta

Concluding Remarks

References

Water Resource Management in Asian Cities –Case Studies of Groundwater Management

Introduction

Groundwater Use in Asian Cities

Environmental Problems Due to Excessive Groundwater Use

Groundwater Management Practices in Tianjin and Bangkok

Regulations for Groundwater Use

Groundwater Charge

Encouragement of Using Alternative Water Sources

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Identification of Main Factors and Their Relationships in Urban Runoff Pollution of Macau Based on Statistical Techniques

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Study Regions and Field Monitoring System

Statistics Analysis

Results and Discussion

Statistical Results for Three Catchments

YLF Catchment

SYX Roadway Catchment

ELH Park Catchment

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Assessment of Spatial Variations in Surface Water Quality of Kyeongan Stream, South Korea Using Multi-Variate Statistical Techniques

Introduction

Study Area

Materials and Methods

Cluster Analysis

Factor Analysis

Results and Discussion

Cluster Analysis

Factor Analysis

Conclusions

References

Real-Time Water Resources Analysis and Assessment for Supporting Beijing Water Sustainability

1 Introduction

2 Methods

2.1 Water Resources Assessment Zoning

2.1.1 Rainfall-runoff Computation Grids

2.1.2 Model’s Parameter Calibration

Statistical and Analytical Units

Assessment Methods for Major Factors of Water Resources

Mean Area Precipitation (MAP)

Evapotranspiration Loss (EL)

Surface Runoff Generation (R)

Application

Conclusions

References

A GIS-Based Bio-Economic Model Applied in Water Resource Management in Shiyang River Basin, Gansu Province, China

Introduction

Study Site

Agricultural Development and Ecological Degradation in Shiyang River

Measures of Environmental Rehabilitation

Methods

Model

Scenario Design

Results and Discussions

Impacts of Environmental Rehabilitation on Farmers’ Income

Effects of Extending Water-Saving Technologies, Solar Greenhouse and Off-Farm Employment

Effects of Water Reallocation and Compensation

Conclusions and Implications

References

On the Change of Virtual Water in China under Regional Restructuring from 1997 to 2000

Introduction

Previous Relevant Study

Studies on Virtual Water

Studies on Virtual Water in China

Positioning of the Study

Comparative Analysis at Two Points in Time on Virtual Water

Estimation Method of the Volume of Virtual Water

Virtual Water Transfer in China

Virtual Water Transfer in the Yellow River Basin

Conclusions

References

PART 2 Sustainability in Local Water Use

Potential Reuse of Wastewater Effluent in Macau

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Analytical Methods

Sand Filtration

Membrane Filtration

Results and Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Ozone Used as a Technology for Reducing the Risk of Wastewater Reuse

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Raw Water

Experimental Apparatus

Analytical Methods

Mutagenicity Assay

Results and Discussion

Removals of Organics

Disinfection Effects

Ames Test Results

Removal of SDI

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Sustainable Water Management of Reclaimed Water Use: Case Study of Tianjin

Introduction

Methodology

Reclaimed water use in Tianjin

Jizhuangzi Reclaimed Water Use Project

The JizhuangziWastewater Treatment Plant

The Jizhuangzi ReclaimedWater Plant

Reclaimed Water Use Project in TEDA

TEDA Wastewater Treatment Plant

TEDA ReclaimedWater Plant

Future Reclaimed Water Use Project in Associated Plans

Different Systems of Public Reclaimed Water in the Urban Area of Tianjin

Existing Problems, Challenges and Recommendations in Sustainable Management of the Reclaimed Water Utilization in Tianjin

Management Mechanism

ReclaimedWater Price and Economic Stimulation Mechanism

Planning Infrastructure

Support for Science and Technology

Laws and Policies

Supervision System and Public Participation

Acknowledgement

References

Organic Hindrance in Groundwater Arsenic Removal Practice

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results and Discussion

Field Inspection of the Treatment Units

Performance of the Laboratory AIRU

Organic Matter Causes Chemical Leaching of Arsenic in AIRU

Organic Matter Causes Bioleaching of Arsenic in AIRU

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Factors Associated with Faecal Contamination of Household Drinking Water in a Rural Area,Vietnam

Introduction

Area Description

Methods

Study Design, Study Population and Household Selection

Water Sampling and Enumeration of Presumptive Thermotolerant Coliforms in Water Samples

Data Collection and Analysis

Ethics

Results

Risk Factors for the Presence and Numbers of pThC in Drinking Water Sources

Risk Factors for the Presence and Quantity of pThC in Untreated Water Stored in Household Tanks

Risk Factors for the Presence of pThC in Treated, Stored Household Drinking Water

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Alternative Safe Water for Communities in the Mekong Delta and Coastal Zone: Vietnam

Introduction

Material and Methodology

Results and Discussion

Problem of Water Supply in the Coastal Zone and the Mekong Delta

Saline Intrusion

UnsecureWater Quantity and Quality and Behavior of Drinking RawWater

SODIS as Alternative Solution for Drinking Water Improvement

SODIS with Community

SODIS with School, Teachers and Children

SODIS Cooperation with Other Projects and Organizations

Challenges in SODIS Implementation and Promotion

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Community Based Management of Traditional Water Resources in Western Himalayan Region

Introduction

Traditional Water Harvesting Systems

Land Use and Geographical Location

Precipitation, Water Resources and Water Policy

State Forest Policy and Watershed Development

Community Empowerment and Local Governance

Government Initiatives

Methodology

Objectives

Results and Discussion

Conclusions and Policy Recommendations

Acknowledgement

References

PART 3 Aquatic Food Production

Quality and Safety of Aquatic Products in China

Background

Situation and Discussion

Suggestions

Consolidate the Construction of HACCP, Traceability and GAP System

Strengthen the Supervision and Management of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety

Improve the Integrity Mechanisms and Advertise the Fundamentality of Food Security

Acknowledgement

References

Notes of Study on Development Strategy of Chinese Fishery to 2030

Introduction

Background

Priority in Chinese Fishery and Challenges

The First Priority – Demand for Fish in 2020 and 2030

Challenges Faced by Chinese Fisheries

Recommendations for Development Strategy of Fishery Scienceand Technology

Safeguard Strategy

Promotion Strategy

Developing and Widening Strategy

Innovation Strategy

Acknowledgement

References

Changes in Fisheries and Water Environments of Lake Taihu, China

Introduction

The Dominant Fishery Species

Changes in Fishery Catches

Water Environmental Changes and the Relationship with Fisheries

Acknowledgements

References

Wastewater Management in Freshwater Pond Aquaculture in China

Introduction

Wastewater Treatment

Physical Method

Sedimentation

Mechanical Filtration

Aeration

Sediment Overturning and Removing

Chemical Methods

Liming

ClO2

Ultra-violet Filter and OzoneWater

Flocculants

Biological Methods

Effective Microbes

Biological Filtration

Botanical Filters in Integrated Aquaculture Systems

Poly-Culture

Constraints and Developing Trends

References

Dosing and Timing Addition of Bacterial Biomass for Improving the Water Environment in Shrimp Farming

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Bacterial Strains

Estimation of Survival Rate of Bacterial Strains

Determination of COD Reduction Ability of Strains

Determination of COD

Determination of Mineralization Ability Based on Nitrate and Nitrite Reduction

Determination of Water Environmental Parameters

Results and Discussion

Change of Added Bacterial Biomass During Shrimp Breeding

Mineralization Ability of Bacteria Strains

COD Reduction Ability of Bacterial Strains

Selection of Bacteria for Developing a Useful Combination

Dosing Bacterial Biomass Addition for Ensuring Environmen tQuality

Application of Selected Combination of Bacterial Strains at Pilotand Commercial Scales

Conclusions

References

Study of Mercury Pollution at Bantarpanjang Area (Citarum River) Using Biomarker

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results and Discussion

Conclusions

References

PART 4 Crop Production

Increased Wheat Yield by Rainwater Management: A Case Study in Arid Lands of Iran

Introduction

Demonstration Site

Wheat Cultivation Using Rainwater Irrigation

Conclusions

References

Water – An Emerging Critical Factor in Chinese Rice Production and Trade

Introduction

Determinants of Chinese Rice Exports

Trends in Rice and Major Grain Crop Production

Interrelation between Rice Production and Water Supply

Summary and Implication for Trade

References

Sustainability of Water-Use and Food Production in the Haihe Catchment

Introduction

Study Site

Results

Sustainability Problems of Regional Water Resources

The Role of Agriculture in the Regional and National Economy

Agricultural Water-Use and Contribution to GDP

Crop Water-Use

Discussion

Acknowledgement

References

Exploring Land Use Planning Options: Experiences and Challenges for Food and Water Security

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results and Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

The Impact of the Bio-Ethanol Production to the World Grain Market: A Case Study of World Maize Market

Introduction

The Simulation Model

The Estimation of Price Elasticity of Yield of Maize

The Estimation of the Relationship between Ethanol Price and Maize Price

Simulation of the Simultaneous Equation Model of the World Maize Market

Results of Simulation and Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Optimization of Rice Supply Chain in Thailand:A Case Study of Two Rice Mills

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Transportation Model

Farm to Middleman/Rice Mill

Middleman to Rice Mill

Rice Mill Model

Results and Discussion

Supply Chain of Company A Located in Harvesting Area (North East of Thailand)

Paddy Receiving by Rice Mill

Mill Rice Processing

Distribution of Products and By-Products

Supply Chain of Company B in Central Thailand

Paddy Receiving by Rice Mill

Mill Rice Processing

Distribution

Comparison of Supply Chain between Two Companies at Different Locations

Transportation Model

Transportation Model between Farm and Rice Mill/Middleman

TransportationModel between Middleman and Rice Mill

Rice Mill Model

Rice Mill in the Northeast

Rice Mill in the Central Area

Traceability System

Conclusions

References

Exploring Behavioral Changes towards Chemical-Safe Agriculture: The Case of Thai Vegetable Farmers

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results and Discussions

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Supply-Demand Balance of Compost between Urban and Agricultural Sectors According to Peri-Urban Development in an Urban-Rural Fringe Area in Asia: A Case Study in Nonthaburi, Thailand

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Study Area

Land-Use Change and Population

Nitrogen Demand in Agricultural Sectors

Nitrogen Discharge from Urban Sectors

Estimation of Supply-Demand Balance in Variation of Population Density

Results and Discussion

The Current Situation of Balance of Supply and Demand Potential

Estimation of Supply-Demand Balance in Variation of Population Density

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

PART 5 Food and Water Securityin Climate Changes

Water Resources in the Hexi Corridor and Its Cycle

Introduction

Studied Area

Glacier Water Resources

Variations in the Water Resources of Glaciers

Runoff Variations

Changes in River Runoff

Variation Trends of Mountain Runoff

Conclusions

References

Adaptive Capacity to Changes in the Water Cycle: A Case Study of Northern China

Introduction

Material and Methods

Study Region

Building of Climate Change Scenarios

Building of Socio-Economic Scenarios

Projection to Water Supply and Demand

Results and Discussion

Climate Change Scenarios for 2020s, 2050s and 2080s

Socio-economic Scenarios for 2020s, 2050s and 2080s

Changes of Water Supplies and Demands

Adaptive Capacity Analysis

Adaptive Options for Sustainable Development and Utilization of Water Resources

Acknowledgement

References

Measuring Climate Change Risk on Supply Chain of Rice in Bangladesh

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results and Discussion

Conclusions

References

The Multi-Functional Role of Rice Paddy Area for Food and Water Sustainability – Lessons Learned from Korean Tradition

Introduction

Multifunctional Role of Rice Paddy Area in Water Management

Flood Control

Raising Groundwater Level

Cooling Atmosphere

Erosion Control

Cleaning Environment System

Water Purification

Others

Suggestion of a New Paradigm of Rainwater Management

Rainwater Is the Source of All Water

Management by Area

Decentralized Management

Source Control

Involvement of Local Action

Conclusion

References

Promoting Plant Residue Utilization for Food Security and Climate Change Mitigation in Thailand

Introduction

Study Area and Research Methods

Study Area

Research Methods

Results and Discussion

Policy Analysis and Gap Identification

Existing Management Practices of Plant Residues in Farmland

Potential to Involve Elementary Schools and Students for Management of Farmland Plant Residues

Policy Recommendation: Integrated Management of Plant Residues for Food Security, Income Generation, and Climate Change Mitigation

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

No-Regret Adaptation Strategies to Cope with Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Groundwater Resources of Asian Cities

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results and Discussion

Groundwater Use

Problems Related to Groundwater

Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Groundwater Resources

Potential Impacts on Groundwater Due to Change of Temperature and Precipitation

Degradation of Groundwater Quality by Sea Level Rise

Potential Impacts of Land Use Change Caused by Climate Change

Potential Degradation of Groundwater by Afforestation andCarbon Sequestration

Increase of Groundwater Dependency Due to Changes in Water Use

Adaptation Measures and Strategies

Integrating Adaptation Strategies into National Policy and Planning

Promoting Water Harvesting and Conservation Technologies

Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use

Rainwater and Run-offWater Harvesting for Agriculture

Managed Aquifer Recharging

Institutional Adaptations and Considerations

Promoting Local Management in Groundwater

Assigning Groundwater Use Rights

Introducing a Pricing Scheme

Capacity Building, Education, Training and Public Awareness

Conclusions and Recommendations

Acknowledgement

References

PART 6 Environmental Management

Food or Environment: An Alternative Solutionto Tradeoff of Water Allocation in Oasis Regions of China

Introduction

Study Site

Method

Model

Data and Base Run

Scenario Design

Simulation Results

Impacts of Reducing Water Use

Effects of Water-Saving Techniques Extension and Off-Farm Job Opportunity Increase

The Level and Cost of Food Security Could Be Maintained

Direct Cost of Subsidy for Improving Food Security

Opportunity Cost with Concomitant Structural Change toMaintain Food Security

The Effects of Increasing Off-farm Opportunity

Conclusions and Implications

References

Impacts of Water Environment and Conservation for Sustainable Development in Northern Philippines

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Case Study 1

Case Study 2

Results and Discussion

Case Study 1

Case Study 2

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Material Flow Analysis of Nitrogen and Phosphorus for Regional Nutrient Management: Case Study in Haiphong, Vietnam

Introduction

Methods

Estimation of Material Flow

Results and Discussion

Conclusions

References

Application of Sulfur Denitrification Process to Remove Nitrate-nitrogen Discharged from Agricultural Field

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Field Survey

Bacterial Community Analysis

DNA Extraction

PCR-DGGE Method

Sequencing of DGGE Bands

Cultivation Method

Results and Discussion

Water Quality

Microbial Community Analysis by PCR-DGGE and Sequencing

Changes in DGGE Bands by Cultivation

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Bioremediation of Soil and Groundwater Contaminated by Volatile Organic Compounds

Soil/Groundwater Contamination in Japan

Treatment Methods

Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethylenes

Bioremediation of Benzene

Summary

References

Cadmium Extraction from Contaminated Soil Using an Iron Chloride Solution in Asian Countries

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Artificially Polluted Soil

Extraction Test and Determination of Leaching

Results and Discussion

Relationship between Cd Extraction and FeCl3 Concentration

Cadmium Extraction Behavior According to Shaking Period

Chemical Form Distribution of Soluble Cd

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

A Strategy in Assessing Plant Residue Material Quality to Enhance Sustainability of Lowland Agricultural Systems

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Laboratory Experiment

Field Experiment

Results and Discussion

Laboratory Experiment

Field Experiment

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Redesigning Institutions and Governance Systems for Urban Water Demand Management: Case of Developing City Delhi, India

Introduction

Context and Issues

Materials and Methods

Demand Side Analysis ofWater Utility in Developing City ofDelhi

Non-Revenue Water (NRW) in Delhi City

Results and Discussion

Conclusions and Policy Implications

Acknowledgements

References

The Impact of Regulatory Change on Trading Partners: Race to the Bottom or Convergence to the Top?*

Introduction

Debate of Trading Up and Down

Three Mechanisms through which RTT Occurs

Food Safety Regulation

Chinese Food Safety Regulatory System: MOA and AQSIQ

Food for Domestic Use

Food for Export

Japan’s Regulation on Pesticide Residues in Foodstuffs: Positive List System for Agricultural Chemical Residues in Food

The Impact of Regulatory Change

Four Scenarios

Application of the Framework

The Willingness and Interest of the Country

The Mechanisms through which RTT Takes Place

(a) Market Mechanism

The type of regulation: product or process

The market size of the trading partner

The cost of regulatory change

Informal mechanism: MNCs and export-oriented firms

(b) Institutional Mechanism

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Author Index

Subject Index