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Acknowledgements
5
Introduction
9
1 What is an Infinite Regress Argument?
11
1.1 The General Structure of Infinite Regress Arguments
11
1.2 Boundaries of an Infinite Regress Argument
15
1.2.1 Boundaries when an Infinite Regress is Vicious
16
1.2.2 Boundaries when an Infinite Regress is Benign
19
1.3 A Hypothesis About the Nature of Infinite Regresses
22
1.4 Testing Hypothesis H
28
1.5 Testing Hypothesis H with Nonconcatenating Regresses
31
1.6 Potentially Infinite and Actually Infinite Regresses
35
1.7 The Necessary Quantity of Terms and Relations
38
1.8 Applications of Hypothesis H to Various Examples
41
1.8.1 Plato's Couch
41
1.8.2 Teachers Taught by Teachers
42
1.8.3 Gods Giving Meaning to Gods
43
1.8.4 Maps of Maps
45
1.8.5 Lewis Carroll''s ''What the Tortoise Said to Achilles''
48
1.9 Logical Functions of Infinite Regresses
54
1.9.1 Benign Regresses
55
1.9.2 Superfluous Regresses
59
1.10 Cogency and Benign Regresses
62
2 The Formal and Nonformal Logic of Infinite Concatenating Regresses
67
2.1 Recurring Terms, Loops, and Regress Formulas
67
2.2 The Relation of Terms and Objects of an Infinite Regress
73
2.3 Applications
74
2.4 Recurring Terms, Loops, and Infinite Concatenating Regresses
78
2.5 Relations and Loops
82
2.6 Blocking All Possible Loops
85
2.7 Are Irreflexivity, or Asymmetry or Transitivity Necessary to Block Loops?
88
2.8 Concatenating Relations in Regress Formulas
91
2.9 Directions of Infinite Concatenating Regresses
92
2.9.1 The Importance of the Direction of an Infinite Regress
93
2.9.2 The Formal Direction of an Infinite Regress
94
2.9.3 The Semantic Direction of an Infinite Regress
96
2.10 Non-formal Considerations in Regress Formulas
97
2.10.1 Relations and Their Implications
98
2.10.2 Unstated Properties of Relations and Terms
99
2.10.3 Stated Properties of Objects or Conditions in a Regress Formula
100
2.10.4 Unstated Properties of Objects Designated by Terms
101
2.11 Summary
108
2.12 Evaluative Questions
109
3 Viciousness
111
3.1 Are There Inherently Vicious Regresses?
111
3.2 Clark on Viciousness
115
3.3 Johnstone and Viciousness
117
3.4 Uncompletability and Viciousness
121
3.5 Occams Razor: Ontological Extravagance
125
3.6 Blocking Vicious Infinite Regresses
129
3.6.1 Hume
130
3.6.2 Miller
133
3.6.3 Laurence and Margolis
135
3.6.4 The General form of the Argument for Blocking Regresses
137
4 Circular Definitions, Circular Explanations, and Infinite Regresses
141
4.1 A Formal Derivation of Infinite Regresses from Circular Definitions
141
4.2 Infinitely Many Infinite Regresses
144
4.3 Semantic Considerations
145
4.4 Regresses Independent of Circularity
148
4.5 The Viciousness of Infinite Regresses Entailed by Circular Definitions
149
4.6 The Derivation of Infinite Regresses from Circular Explanations
152
5 Infinite Regresses and Recurring Questions
157
5.1 Recurring Questions and the Derivation of Infinite Regresses
159
5.2 Recurring Questions and Vicious Regresses
163
6 Infinite Regresses of Recurring Problems and Responses
168
6.1 Platos Aviary in the Theatetus
169
6.2 McTaggarts Discontinual Regress
172
6.3 Mackies Discontinual Regress
176
6.4 Armstrongs Continual Regress
181
6.5 A Continual Regress in Defense of Cantors Diagonal Method
187
6.6 Lehrers Regress of Recurring Possible Problems and Possible Responses
191
6.7 Evaluative Questions
197
6.8 Summary of the Book
198
Appendix A
202
Appendix B
203
References
211
Index
1
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