Suchen und Finden
Preface
6
Contents
8
Keynote Lectures
14
Hydro-mechanical Behaviour of Unsaturated Argillaceous Rocks
15
Abstract
15
Introduction
15
Material and Methods
16
Material
16
Suction Control
16
Mechanical Test
18
Experimental Results
18
Effect of Suction on the Mechanical Behaviour
19
Microstructural Observations
22
Acoustic Emission Activity
22
Conclusions
24
References
24
Plastic Deformations of Unsaturated Fine-Grained Soils Under Cyclic Thermo-Mechanical Loads
26
Abstract
26
Introduction
26
A Cyclic Thermo-Mechanical Model for Unsaturated Soil
27
Constitutive Variables
27
The Three Bounding Surfaces
28
Elasto-Plasticity
29
Test Apparatuses
30
Test Soils and Specimen Preparation
31
Test Program and Procedures
32
Series A: Mechanical Cyclic Shear Tests on CDT at Various Suctions and Temperatures
32
Series B: Heating and Cooling Cyclic Tests on Loess
32
Comparisons of Measured and Computed Results
33
Cyclic Stress-Strain Relations at Various Suctions and Temperatures
33
Effects of Number of Mechanical Load Cycles on Plastic Strain Accumulation at Various Suctions and Temperatures
34
Influence of Temperature on Plastic Strain Accumulation
35
Influence of Suction on Plastic Strain Accumulation of CDT
37
Volume Change Behaviour of Loess During Thermal Cycles
37
Summary and Conclusions
39
Acknowledgements
39
References
39
Shale Capillarity, Osmotic Suction and Permeability, and Solutions to Practical Testing Issues
41
Abstract
41
Capillary Suction (Pore Water Tension) and Total Suction
41
Osmotic Suction
44
Permeability and Pressure Diffusivity
45
Consolidation Stage and Triaxial Loading Stage
46
Other Testing and Sample Handling Considerations
48
References
48
Modelling the Mechanical Behaviour of Callovo-Oxfordian Argillite. Formulation and Application
49
Abstract
49
Introduction
49
Formulation of the Constitutive Model
50
Instantaneous Response
50
Time-Dependent Response
52
Permeability
52
Comparison with Experimental Results
52
Coupled Hydromechanical Analysis of a C Excavation
53
Concluding Remarks
55
Acknowledgements
55
References
55
Intrinsic and State Parameters Governing the Efficiency of Bentonite Barriers for Contaminant Control
57
Abstract
57
Bentonite Structure
57
State Parameters
59
Validation of the Solute Transport and Swelling Model
61
Some Preliminary Comments
67
References
67
Multiscale Approach to Micro-Poro-Mechanical Modelling of Unsaturated Shales
69
Abstract
69
Introduction
69
Mathematical Model
70
Multiscale Representation of Clay-Shale
70
A Template for Homogenization: From Basic Unit (Nanometer) to Stack of Platelets (Micrometer)
71
Upscaling from Micro- to Macro-level
75
Concluding Remarks
77
Acknowledgements
77
References
77
Feature Lectures
79
Measurement of Supercritical CO2 Permeability in Porous Rock at Reservoir Conditions
80
Abstract
80
Introduction
80
Description of Test Device
81
Tests on Bentonite and Rock Samples
85
Conclusions
88
References
88
Measurement of Mechanical Properties of Thin Clay Films and Comparison with Molecular Simulations
89
Abstract
89
Introduction
89
Materials and Experimental Methods for Characterization of Hydromechanical Behavior of Self-standing Clay Films
91
Manufacturing of Samples
91
Measurement of Elastic and Creep Properties
91
Computational Methods for Characterization of Elastic and Creep Properties of Clay Particles by Molecular Simulations
92
Results and Discussion
92
Elastic Properties of Clay Films and Clay Particles
92
Creep Properties of Clay Films and Clay Particles
93
Conclusions
94
References
95
Advanced Meso-Scale Modelling to Study the Effective Thermo-Mechanical Parameter in Solid Geomaterial
96
Abstract
96
Introduction
96
Methodology and Mathematical Background
97
Modeling of Fracture Simulation by LEM
97
Modelling of Steady Heat Transport by LEM
99
Coupled Problem of Thermo-Mechanics by LEM
99
Simulation and Validation
100
Experimental Setup and Boundary Conditions
101
Simulation and Results
101
Conclusion
105
Acknowledgment
105
References
105
Identification of Local Mechanisms in Clays and Energy-Based Modelling
107
Abstract
107
Introduction
107
Material and Experimental Method
108
Discussion Around the Experimental Results
108
Mix-Clay Behaviour at the Ultimate Critical State
108
Mix-Clay Behaviour on Isotropic Path
109
Micromechanical Approach and Physical-Chemical Effects – Case of Isotropic Loading
111
Microstructural Properties and Local Equations
111
Transition from Macro to Micro on the Isotropic Loading
112
Conclusion
113
References
113
Coupled Membrane and Diffusion Testing of Active Clays for Barrier Applications
115
Abstract
115
Introduction
115
Background
116
Membrane Behavior and Diffusion
116
Method of Measurement
117
Results
118
General Trends in Coupled Membrane and Diffusion Behavior
118
Effect of Effective Stress and Void Ratio
119
Limiting Behavior
120
Summary
121
References
121
Evidences of the Effects of Free Gas on the Hydro-mechanical Behaviour of Peat
123
Abstract
123
Introduction
123
Laboratory Tests and Experimental Data
124
Material Properties and Experimental Set up
124
Experimental Programme
124
Isotropic Undrained Unloading
125
Undrained Shear
126
Interpretation and Discussion
127
Concluding Remarks
129
References
129
Unsaturated Behavior of Soils and Shales
131
Use of Psychrometers, Capacitive Sensors and Vapour Transfer Technique to Determine the Water Retention Curve of Compacted Bentonite
132
Abstract
132
Introduction
132
Material: FEBEX Bentonite
133
Methodology
134
Results
136
Summary and Conclusions
137
Acknowledgements
138
References
139
Water Content Effect on the Fault Rupture Propagation Through Wet Soil-Using Direct Shear Tests
140
Abstract
140
Introduction
140
Fault Rupture Tests Results
142
Soil Response to the Change of Water Content
142
Direct Shear Test Apparatus
142
Tests Programs
143
Direct Shear Test Results
143
Shear Stress-Strain Curves
143
Peak Strength Parameters
144
Conclusion
146
References
146
Specimen Preparation Techniques for Testing Fully and Partially Saturated Sands in Dynamic Simple Shear (DSS) Test Device with Confining Pressure
148
Abstract
148
Introduction
148
Dynamic Simple Shear w/Confining Pressure (DSS-C) Testing Device
149
Fully Saturated Sand Specimen Preparation Techniques
149
Specimen Preparation for DSS Device w/Confining Pressure
150
Saturation Setup
151
Partially Saturated Specimen Preparation Techniques
152
Resulted Values of Degree of Saturation for Different R Values
153
Problems Faced During Sample Preparation
153
Conclusion
154
Acknowledgement
154
Measurement of Vertical Strain of Compacted Bentonite Subjected to Hydration Effort on Creep Test
156
Abstract
156
Introduction
156
Soil Materials and Testing Procedure
157
Soil Material
157
Modified Creep Test Apparatus
158
Creep Test
158
Test Results
160
The vertical deformations with elapsed time
160
Conclusions
162
Acknowledgement
162
References
162
Response of Clay Rock to Moisture Change
164
Abstract
164
Introduction
164
Characteristics of Studied Claystones
164
Stress Concept
165
Laboratory Observations
166
Stress Response to Humidity Change
166
Strain Response to Humidity Change
168
Influence of Water Content on Strength
170
Moisture-Enhanced Sealing of Fractures
170
Conclusions
172
References
173
Volumetric Behaviour of Lime Treated High Plasticity Clay Subjected to Suction Controlled Drying and Wetting Cycles
174
Abstract
174
Introduction
174
Material Properties and Experimental Programme
175
Results Analysis
176
Conclusions
180
References
180
Crack Initiation and Propagation of Clays Under Indirect Tensile Strength Test by Bending Related to the Initial Suction
182
Abstract
182
Introduction
182
Material and Method
183
Material Properties and Specimen Preparation
183
Test Equipment
184
Results and Discussion
185
Analysis of the Global Behavior
185
Identification of the Local Behavior Using DIC Calculations
186
Discussion
186
Relationship Between Tensile Strength and Water Content
186
Relationship Between Tensile Strength and Suction
187
Conclusion
188
References
188
Evaluation of the Instantaneous Profile Method for the Determination of the Relative Permeability Function
190
Abstract
190
Introduction
190
Hydromechanical Formulation for Bentonite-Based Materials
191
Numerical Modelling of an Infiltration Test
192
Description of the Test
192
Features of the Analysis
193
Numerical Results
193
Evaluation of the Instantaneous Profile Method for the Determination of the Relative Permeability Function
194
Conclusions
196
References
197
Advanced Laboratory Testing
198
A Double Cell Triaxial Apparatus for Testing Unsaturated Soil Under Heating and Cooling
199
Abstract
199
Introduction
199
A Temperature-Controlled Double Cell Triaxial Apparatus
200
Calibrations of the Heating/Cooling System and Double Cell
201
Test Material, Program and Procedures
202
Volume Changes of Intact and Recompacted Loess During Heating and Cooling
203
Summary and Conclusions
204
Acknowledgements
205
References
205
A Suction- and Temperature-Controlled Oedometric Device
207
Abstract
207
Introduction
207
Description of Oedometric Device
208
Temperature Control
208
Relative Humidity Control
209
The Oedometric Cell
211
Comparison with Existing Devices
211
Results on an Unsaturated Sand
212
Conclusions and Perspectives
213
References
214
Acoustic Emission Technology to Investigate Internal Micro-Structure Behaviour of Shear Banding in Sands
215
Abstract
215
Introduction
215
Experimental Setup
216
Testing Materials and Apparatuses
216
Acoustic Emission (AE)
217
Test Result
218
Global Deformation Monitoring and Analysis
218
AE Event Monitoring and Analysis
219
Conclusion
221
References
221
Direct and Indirect Local Deformations of Sand in Undrained Cyclic Triaxial Tests by Image Analysis Technique
223
Abstract
223
Introduction
223
Test Materials, Apparatus and Procedure
224
Test Procedure of Image Analysis
225
Experimental Results and Discussion
227
Conclusions
229
References
229
A New Laboratory Setup for Phase Equilibria Studies of Methane Hydrate in Porous Media
231
Abstract
231
Introduction
231
Phase Equilibria in Pore-Space
232
Preparation
232
Results
234
Discussions
237
Acknowledgment
238
References
238
An Experimental Platform for Measuring Soil Water Characteristic Curve Under Transient Flow Conditions
239
Abstract
239
Introduction
239
Experimental Methodology
240
Soil Column Configuration
240
Moisture Profile Measurement
241
Suction Profile Measurement
242
Accumulative In/Outflow Measurement
242
Result and Discussion
242
Validation of Experimental Platform
242
Preliminary result and reflection of setup problems
243
Concluding Mark
245
Acknowledgements
245
References
245
Determining Fluid Compressibility and Soil Permeability of Quasi Saturated Sand with the Alternating Flow Apparatus
247
Abstract
247
Introduction
247
Conceptual Model of Quasi-Saturated Sands
247
The Alternating Flow Apparatus
248
Model Tests
250
Compressibility of the Water-Gas-Mixture
250
Coefficient of Permeability
251
Finite Element Simulations
252
Concluding Remarks
253
References
253
Effect of Specimen Confinement Method on Simple Shear Test of Clay
255
Abstract
255
Introduction
255
Materials, Apparatus and Procedure
256
Results
258
Summary and Conclusions
261
References
261
Hydro - Mechanical Behaviour of Shales and Stiff Clays
263
Fractal Analysis of the Progressive Failure of Shales and Stiff Clays Under Shear
264
Abstract
264
Introduction
264
Fractal Evaluation of the Degree of Cracking
265
Fractal Dimension Concept to Measure the Degree of Cracking
266
Fractal Analysis of the Degree of Cracking in a Stiff Clay Subjected to Shear
268
Conclusions
269
References
270
Recent Developments in Measurement and Use of Fully Softened Shear Strength in the USA
271
Abstract
271
Introduction
271
Virginia Tech Workshop
271
Use of Fully Softened Shear Strength in Practice
272
Laboratory Test Methods Comparison
274
Direct Shear Procedures
276
Correlations for Fully Softened Strength Parameters
276
Conclusions
278
References
278
Chemical Influence of Pore Pressure on Brine Flow in Clay-Rich Material
280
Abstract
280
Introduction
280
Experimental Methods
281
Results
282
Discussion
283
Conclusions
286
Acknowledgements
286
References
287
Development of Classification Charts for Q Index of Shale from the Parameters
288
Abstract
288
Introduction
288
Q Index
289
Discussion on Q Index Variation and Classification Charts for Shale
289
Conclusion
294
References
294
Exploring Fissure Opening and Their Connectivity in a Cenozoic Clay During Gas Injection
295
Abstract
295
Introduction
295
Air Injection Tests on Boom Clay
296
Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry
297
Micro-computed Tomography and Image Analyses
298
Quantitative Comparison of Both Techniques
299
Concluding Remarks
300
Acknowledgements
301
References
301
Profiling the In Situ Compressibility of Cretaceous Shale Using Grouted-in Piezometers and Laboratory Testing
303
Abstract
303
Introduction
303
Hydrogeologic Setting
304
Methods
304
Results and Discussion
306
Conclusions
309
Acknowledgements
309
References
309
Influence of Surface Roughness of the Fracture on Hydraulic Characteristics of Rock Mass
311
Abstract
311
Introduction
311
Coupled Shear-Seepage Test of the JAW-600
312
Composition and Function of the Test System
312
Preparation of the Fractured Samples with Different Roughness
312
Experimental Conditions
313
Experimental Procedure
314
Analysis of the Influence of Surface Roughness on Hydraulic Opening
314
Analysis of the Influence of Joint Roughness on Transmission Rate
315
Conclusions
317
Opalinus Clay Shale
319
The Role of Anisotropy on the Volumetric Behaviour of Opalinus Clay upon Suction Change
320
Abstract
320
Introduction
320
Opalinus Clay: Shaly and Sandy Facies
321
Experimental Methodology
322
Results
323
Conclusions
325
Acknowledgement
326
References
326
1D Compression Behaviour of Opalinus Clay
327
Abstract
327
Introduction
327
Tested Shale
328
Experimental Methodology
328
Results and Analysis
329
One-Dimensional Compression Behaviour
329
Conclusions
333
References
333
Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Test Results of Opalinus Clay and Comparison with Caprock Shales
335
Abstract
335
Introduction
335
Methodology
336
Sample Characterization
336
Determination of Appropriate Strain Rate
336
Sampling and Testing Procedure
336
Results
338
Undrained Elastic Parameters and Strength
338
Stress-Strain Behaviour
340
Comparison with Caprock Shales
340
References
341
One Dimensional Consolidation of Opalinus Clay from Shallow Depth
343
Abstract
343
Introduction
343
Tested Material
344
Experimental Device and Techniques
344
Specimen Preparation
344
High-Pressure Oedometric Cell
345
Test Results
346
Lausen Core (Shallow Subsurface)
346
Comparison with Mont Terri Core
347
Concluding Remarks
348
Acknowledgement
349
References
349
Lessons Learned from Electron Microscopy of Deformed Opalinus Clay
350
Abstract
350
Introduction
350
Methods
351
Results and Discussion
352
Conclusion and Relevance
354
References
354
The Rock Mechanical Behavior of Opalinus Clay – 20 Years of Experience in the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory
356
Abstract
356
Introduction
356
Sampling and Conditioning of Opalinus Clay
357
In-Situ Observations and Conceptual Models
359
Conclusions and Recommendations
360
References
361
Advanced Laboratory Testing for Site Characterization and In – situ Application Studies
362
Cyclic Testing on Low-Density Chalk
363
Abstract
363
Introduction
363
Sampling and Samples Description
364
Handling
365
Test Specification
365
Observations
366
Discussion
369
References
370
Long Duration Oedometric Tests to Analyse the Creep Behaviour of Lacustrine Sediments
371
Abstract
371
Introduction
371
Geological Context
371
Instrumentation and Methodology
374
Results and Interpretations
375
Conclusions
377
References
378
Deep Soil Mixing Method for the Bio-cement by Means of Bender Element Test
379
Abstract
379
Introduction
379
Methodology
380
Testing Materials
380
Kaolin Clay
380
Bangkok Sand
380
Bender Element Test
382
Test Results
382
Conclusions
385
Acknowledgement
385
References
385
Studying of Shale Organic Matter Structure and Pore Space Transformations During Hydrocarbon Generation
386
Abstract
386
Introduction
386
Materials and Methods
387
Research Methods
387
Experimental Procedure
387
Samples Collection
388
Results and Discussions
388
Conclusions
390
Acknowledgements
391
References
391
On the Application of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation for Soils: A Multiscale Study
392
Abstract
392
Introduction
392
Experimental Details
393
Materials
393
Study at the Microscale
393
Mechanical Testing on Bio-cemented Samples
393
Scaling-up the Application of the MICP with Two Different Strategies
394
Strategy 1: Surface Percolation
394
Strategy 2: Mixing in a Grid of Bores
394
Results
395
Study at the Microscale
395
Mechanical Response Under Drained Triaxial Shear
395
Upscaling Strategies for the Application of MICP
396
Strategy 1: Surface Application
396
Strategy 2: Grid of Injection Points
397
Conclusions
397
References
397
Determination of Intergranular Strain Parameters and Their Dependence on Properties of Grain Assemblies
399
Abstract
399
Introduction
399
Hypoplastic Model
400
Intergranular Strain
400
Determination of Intergranular Strain Parameters
401
Stress Path Experiments
401
Material Properties
402
Sample Preparation
402
Stress Path Controlled Triaxial Test
402
Results and Discussion
404
Conclusions
405
References
405
Soil-Structure Interactions
406
Experimental and Numerical Study of the Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Energy Piles for Belgian Practice
407
Abstract
407
Introduction
407
Experimental Test Campaign
408
Finite Element Model
409
Comparison Between Experimental and Numerical Results
410
Conclusions
413
References
414
Drained and Undrained Analysis for Foundations Based on Triaxial Tests
415
Abstract
415
Introduction
415
Expected Behaviour of Raft Foundations in Drained and Undrained Conditions
416
Undrained Consolidated Triaxial Test on Clay
417
Test Procedure for Normally Consolidated Clay
417
Results for Normally Consolidated Clay
417
Test Procedure for Heavily Overconsolidated Clay
418
Results for Heavily Overconsolidated Clay
418
Discussion of the Test Results
419
Analytical Modelling of Raft Foundations in Undrained and Drained Conditions
419
Conclusions and Outlook
420
Acknowledgements
422
References
422
Impact of Thermally Induced Soil Deformation on the Serviceability of Energy Pile Groups
423
Abstract
423
Introduction
423
Experimental Testing
424
The Foundation and Site
424
Features of the Experimental Test
424
Numerical Modelling
425
Finite Element Model
425
Modelling Choices, Boundary and Initial Conditions
426
Classification of the Numerical Simulation and Material Properties
426
Comparison Between Experimental and Numerical Results
427
Conclusions
429
Acknowledgments
429
References
430
Numerical Analysis of Seismic Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction in Soft Soil with Strong Nonlinearity and Its Validation by 1g Shaking Table Test
431
Abstract
431
Introduction
431
1g Shaking Table Test Method
432
FEM Modelling and Numerical Test
434
Shaking Table Test Vs. Numerical Test
435
Conclusions
437
References
437
On the Interface Shearing Behavior Between Granular Soil and Artificial Rough Surfaces
439
Abstract
439
Introduction
439
Model Set-up in PFC 3D
440
Scale Effect
442
Macroscopic Response of the Soil-Structural Interface
443
Formation of the Shear Band
443
Conclusions
445
Acknowledgements
445
References
445
Constitutive and Numerical Modelling of Soils and Shales
447
Constitutive Framework for Unsaturated Soils with Differentiation of Capillarity and Adsorption
448
Abstract
448
Introduction
448
Thermodynamic Derivation and Justifications
449
General Assumptions
449
Macroscopic Mass Balance
451
Microscopic Mass Balance
452
Total Input Work to Unsaturated Soils
453
Conclusions
454
References
454
Coupled Analysis of CO2 Injection Induced Stress Variation in the Caprock
456
Abstract
456
Introduction
456
Thermal-Hydro-Mechanical Formulation
456
Conceptual Model Characteristics
459
Influence of the Thermal-Mechanical Properties on the Caprock Stability
461
Conclusion
462
References
462
Efficient Parameter Identification for THM Behaviour of Claystone Using Optimization Methods
464
Abstract
464
Project Aim
464
3D Coupled THM-Simulation of a Heater Test
464
Sensitivity Analysis
466
Parameter Identification
469
Conclusions
470
References
471
A Thermodynamic Model for Rate-Dependent Geomaterials
472
Abstract
472
Introduction
472
Formulations of the TTS Model for Rate Dependency
473
Analyses of Rate-Dependent Parameters and Simulations
475
Conclusions
478
References
479
Thermo-Viscoplastic Subloading Soil Model for Isotropic Stress and Strain Conditions
480
Abstract
480
Introduction
480
Thermo-Viscoplastic Subloading Soil Model
481
Subloading, Dynamic Loading and Yield Surfaces
482
Viscoplastic Strain
482
Hardening Laws
482
Extension to Non-isothermal Conditions
483
Heating Tests for Different OCR Values
484
Final Remarks
486
Acknowledgements
486
References
486
Numerical Simulation of Multi-phase Flow in CO2 Geological Sequestration
487
Abstract
487
Introduction
487
Governing Equations for CCS Numerical Simulation
488
Verification of the Numerical Method
489
Setup of Model A
489
Result of Model A
490
Setup of Model B
491
Result of Model B
492
Conclusion
493
References
493
Mechanics and Modeling of Cohesive Frictional Granular Materials
494
Abstract
494
Introduction
494
Experimental
495
Description of Constitutive Model
496
Results and Discussion
496
Conclusions
500
References
500
Numerical Modelling of Liquefaction Tests of Partially Saturated Sands in CSSLB
502
Abstract
502
Introduction
502
Overview of Cyclic Simple Shear Liquefaction Box (CSSLB)
502
Numerical Model of CSSLB Test Set-up on Shaking Table
503
Numerical Model of CSSLB
503
Partially Saturated Sand Analysis
505
Numerical Modelling of Cyclic Simple Shear Tests
506
Dynamic Model (Drained Conditions)
506
Numerical Analysis Results
507
Conclusion
508
Acknowledgement
508
References
509
Aspects of Thermal Fracturing of Clays with Electromagnetic Excitation
510
Abstract
510
Introduction
510
Mathematical Model
511
Electromagnetism
511
Mass, Energy and Momentum Balance
511
Coupling Mechanisms
512
Numerical Study
513
Physical Model and Input Parameters
513
Simulation Results
514
Concluding Remarks
516
Acknowledgements
516
References
517
Reproduction of Discrete Element Model by 3D Printing and Its Experimental Validation on Permeability Issue
518
Abstract
518
Introduction
518
Experimental modeling of numerical simulation
519
Research scheme
519
Numerical simulation model made by DEM
520
Modeling of DEM simulated specimen for 3D printing
520
3D printing of DEM simulated specimen
521
Reproducibility of printed DEM specimen
521
Experimental validation of numerical simulation focusing on permeability
522
Test conditions of numerical simulation and experiment
522
Comparison of permeability between numerical simulation and 3D printed material
523
Conclusion
524
References
524
Author Index
526
Alle Preise verstehen sich inklusive der gesetzlichen MwSt.