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Delaying Retirement - Progress and Challenges of Active Ageing in Europe, the United States and Japan
von: Dirk Hofäcker, Moritz Hess, Stefanie König
Palgrave Macmillan, 2016
ISBN: 9781137566973 , 396 Seiten
Format: PDF, OL
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 90,94 EUR
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Delaying Retirement - Progress and Challenges of Active Ageing in Europe, the United States and Japan
Preface
5
Acknowledgment
8
Contents
9
Notes to the Contributors
12
1: Retirement Transitions in Times of Institutional Change: Theoretical Concept
19
1 Introduction
19
2 From Early to Late Exit: Empirical Overview
22
3 Explaining Retirement Transitions
26
3.1 A Rational-Choice Approach
26
3.2 Classical Explanations of Early Exit
29
3.3 Pull Factors
29
3.4 Push Factors
30
3.5 Explanations of the Early Exit Reversal
32
3.6 Maintain Factors
32
3.7 Need Factors
33
3.7.1 Theoretical Framework
34
4 Outlook on This Volume
36
References
37
2: Trends and Determinants of Retirement Transition in Europe, the USA and Japan: A Comparative Overview
40
1 Employment Trends
42
2 Institutional Determinants
47
2.1 Official and Effective Retirement Age
47
2.2 Replacement Rates
49
3 Workplace Determinants
52
3.1 Training of Older Workers
52
3.1.1 Working Hours
54
4 Individual Determinants
56
4.1 Health
56
4.2 Education
58
5 Retirement Preferences
59
6 Summary and Outlook
61
References
65
3: Determinants of Retirement and Late Careers in Estonia
69
1 Introduction
69
2 Employment Among the Elderly
70
3 Institutional Context of Old-Age Employment
73
3.1 Pull Factors
74
3.2 Push Factors
75
3.3 Maintain Factors
78
3.4 Need Factors
79
4 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
80
4.1 Occupational Group
80
4.2 Economic Sector
80
5 The Impact of Individual-Level Characteristics
81
5.1 Gender
81
5.2 Education
81
5.3 Previous Work Career
82
5.4 Health
82
5.5 Number of Children
83
5.6 Ethnicity
83
6 Conclusion
83
References
85
4: Path Dependency Versus New Determinants of Retirement in the Czech Republic
89
1 Introduction
89
2 Employment Trends Among Older Workers in the Czech Republic
91
3 Institutional Determinants of Retirement Decisions
93
3.1 Unfavorable Institutional Features: Push Factors
94
3.2 Invitation to Retire: Pull Factors
95
3.3 The New Active Aging Policies as Need and Maintain Factors
98
3.4 Need Factors
98
3.5 Maintain Factors: National Action Plan, European Structural Funds, and Operational Program-Related Initiatives
100
4 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
102
5 The Working, Physical, and Social Environment as Mesolevel Determinants of Retirement Decisions
105
6 Conclusion
106
References
109
5: Retirement in a Context of Strong Institutional Uncertainty and Territorial Diversities: The Case of Italy
113
1 Introduction
113
2 The Development of the Employment Rate for Older Workers in Italy
115
3 Institutional Conditions Affecting Retirement Decisions in Italy
121
3.1 Push Factors
122
3.2 Pull Factors
123
3.3 Need Factors
125
4 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
128
5 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
132
6 Conclusions
135
References
136
6: Ebb and Flow of Early Retirement: Pension Reform and Labor Market Participation of Older Workers in Spain
139
1 Introduction
139
2 Overview of Employment in the Older Population
141
3 The Changing Institutional Context of Early Retirement
145
3.1 Overview of the Spanish Pension System
145
3.2 Mixed Pull Factors and Strong Push Factors
147
3.3 Strengthening of Maintain Factors and Adjustment of Pull Factors
149
3.4 The 2001 and 2002 Decrees to Promote Later Retirement
149
3.5 Renewal of the Pact of Toledo and the 2007 Law on Social Security
150
3.6 The 2011 and 2013 Pension Laws in the Context of Deep Crisis
151
4 Changing Workplace Contexts of Retirement
154
4.1 Variation by Economic Sector and Gender
154
4.2 Special Agreements
155
5 Changing Individual Contexts of Retirement
158
6 Summary and Implications for Further Research
159
References
161
7: Germany: A Successful Reversal of Early Retirement?
163
1 Introduction
163
2 Trends in the Employment Rate of Older Workers in Germany
165
3 Institutional Determinants of Retirement Decisions in Germany
167
3.1 Globalization as Push Factor
168
3.2 Early Retirement Paths as Pull Factors
169
3.3 German Active Aging Policy as Need and Maintain Factors
170
3.4 Need Factors: Making Early Retirement More Expensive
171
3.5 Maintain Factors: Increasing Older Workers’ Employability
172
4 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
173
5 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
177
6 Conclusion
179
References
180
8: From Early Exit to Postponing Pension: How the Dutch Polder Model Shapes Retirement
186
1 Introduction
186
2 Context: Developments in Aging and Retirement
188
2.1 Employment Rate
188
2.2 The Dutch Welfare State and Pension System
189
3 Institutional Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Transitions
190
3.1 Introduction of Early Retirement Pathways
191
3.2 Reversing the Early Retirement Trend
193
3.3 The Need to Retire Later
193
3.4 Maintaining Workers’ Participation
195
4 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
196
5 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
198
5.1 Workplace Characteristics
199
5.2 Job Demands or Costs and Job Control or Benefits
199
5.3 Imbalance between “Have” and “Want”
200
5.4 Employability-Enhancing Practices
202
5.5 Employers’ Views of Older Workers
203
6 Conclusion
204
References
205
9: Retirement Determinants in Austria: An Aging Society but a Hesitant Policymaker!?
209
1 Introduction
209
2 Development of the Employment Rate of Older Workers in Austria
210
3 Institutional Determinants: The Context of Retirement Decisions
215
3.1 Push Factors
216
3.2 Pull Factors
217
3.3 Need Factors
219
3.4 Keep or Retain Factors
220
4 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
221
5 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
225
6 Conclusion
227
References
228
10: Employment and Retirement of Older Workers in the UK
234
1 Introduction
234
2 Employment Trends
236
3 Macro- or Institutional-Level Determinants of Retirement
238
3.1 Push Factors
238
3.2 Pull Factors
239
3.3 Stay Factors
240
3.4 Need Factors
241
4 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
243
5 Micro- or Individual-Level Determinants
246
6 Conclusion
249
References
250
11: Japan: Determinants of Retirement in a Hyper-Aged Society
254
1 Introduction: Japan as a “Hyperaged Society”
254
2 Overview of Older Worker Employment in Japan: Five Characteristics
256
2.1 Japan’s Older Worker Employment Rate Is High by International Standards
256
2.2 Japan’s High Older Worker Employment Rates Are Historical
257
2.3 Gender Gaps in Employment Rates Are Significant and Persistent
258
2.4 Nonregular Employment Has Been Increasing Steadily among Older Workers
259
2.5 Japan’s Effective Retirement Age Surpasses the State Pension Age for Both Men and Women, and Is High by OECD Standards
260
3 Macrolevel Determinants: Employer Policies and Public Policies at a National Level
261
3.1 Push Factors: Employer Policies of Mandatory Retirement at Age 60
261
3.2 Pull Factor: The Generosity of Old Age Public Pension Benefits
263
3.3 Need Factor: Old Age Public Pension Benefits and Its Reforms
264
3.4 Maintain Factors: Recent Policy Reforms Regarding Mandatory Retirement
265
4 Mesolevel Determinants: Workplace Characteristics
267
4.1 The Presence of Mandatory Retirement Corporate Policies in the Workplace
268
4.2 Age Criteria Set by Employers to Call for Mandatory Retirement
270
5 Microlevel Determinants: Individual Characteristics
273
6 Conclusion
276
References
278
12: The Gendered and Liberal Retirement Regime in Switzerland
282
1 Introduction
282
2 Older Workers’ Employment Rate in Switzerland: A Gendered Labor–Retirement Context
284
3 Liberal Orientation of the Swiss Pension Institution
288
4 Institutional Determinants of the Retirement Transition: Between Early Retirement and Active Aging
290
5 Workplace and Individual Characteristics as Determinants of the Retirement Transition
295
5.1 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of the Retirement Transition
295
5.2 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of the Retirement Transition
296
6 Conclusion and Further Research Topics
298
References
300
13: The Outdistanced Vanguard: Early Retirement Policy in Denmark as an Obstacle to Progress in Active Aging
304
1 Introduction
304
2 Trends in the Employment Rate of Older Workers in Denmark
306
3 Institutional Determinants of Retirement Decisions
308
3.1 Pull Factors
310
3.2 Push Factors
312
3.3 Stay Factors and Active Aging since 1995
313
4 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
315
5 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
318
6 Conclusion
320
References
322
14: Sweden: Steeply Rising Older Workers’ Employment Rates in a Late-Exit Country
327
1 Introduction
327
2 The Development of the Employment Rate of Older Workers in Sweden
328
3 Institutional Determinant Contexts of Retirement Decisions
331
3.1 Push Factors
331
3.2 Pull Factors
333
3.3 Stay Factors
334
4 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
337
5 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions
339
6 Conclusion
342
References
344
15: The Increasing Heterogeneity of Retirement in the USA: Interactions Between State, Firm, and Individual Determinants of Later-Life Labor Force Withdrawal
348
1 Introduction
348
2 Changes in the Labor Force Participation Rate of Older Workers in the USA
351
2.1 Long-Term Trends in the LFPR and the Changing Retirement Institution
351
2.2 The Expansion of Early Retirement after 1970
353
2.3 Increased Heterogeneity Since the Mid-1990s
355
3 The Determinants of Heterogeneous Labor Force Withdrawal in the USA
357
3.1 Macrolevel: State Economic and Old-Age Policies
357
3.1.1 Push Factors
358
3.1.2 Pull Factors
358
3.1.3 Retention Factors
360
3.2 Mesolevel Determinants: Firm Attributes and Provisions
362
3.2.1 Employer-Sponsored Pensions
363
3.2.2 Retiree Health Insurance
363
3.2.3 Other Human Resource Management Policies
364
3.3 Microlevel Determinants: Household and Individual Characteristics
365
3.3.1 Socioeconomic Status
366
3.3.2 Labor Market Attachment
367
3.3.3 Health Status
367
3.4 Family Context
368
4 Conclusion
369
References
371
16: Retirement Transitions Under Changing Institutional Conditions: Towards Increasing Inequalities? Comparing Evidence from 13 Countries
374
1 Introduction
374
2 Main Country Findings
376
2.1 Persistent Late Retirement Countries
378
2.2 Persistent Early Exit Countries
382
2.3 Reversal Toward Late Retirement
385
3 Discussion and Outlook
386
References
389
Index
390
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