Functional Safety for Road Vehicles - New Challenges and Solutions for E-mobility and Automated Driving

Foreword of the Author

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Definitions and Translations from the ISO 26262

1.2 Error Terms of the ISO 26262

References

2 Why Functional Safety in Road Vehicles?

2.1 Risk, Safety and Functional Safety in Automobiles

2.2 Quality Management System

2.2.1 Quality Management Systems from the Viewpoint of ISO 26262

2.3 Advanced Quality Planning

2.4 Process Models

2.4.1 V-Models

2.4.2 Waterfall Model

2.4.3 Spiral Model

2.5 Automotive and Safety Lifecycles

2.5.1 Safety Lifecycles for the Development of Automotive Products

2.5.2 Safety-Lifecycles According to ISO 26262

2.5.3 Security-Versus Safety Lifecycles

References

3 System Engineering

3.1 Historic and Philosophic Background

3.2 Reliability Engineering

3.2.1 Foundation/Basis of Reliability

3.2.2 Reliability and Safety

3.3 Architecture Development

3.3.1 Stakeholder of Architectures

3.3.2 Views of Architecture

3.3.3 Horizontal Level of Abstraction

3.4 Requirements and Architecture Development

3.5 Requirements and Design Specification

References

4 System Engineering for Development of Requirements and Architecture

4.1 Function Analysis

4.2 Hazard and Risk Analysis

4.2.1 Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment according to ISO 26262

4.2.2 Safety Goals

4.3 Safety Concepts

4.3.1 The Functional Safety Concept

4.3.2 Technical Safety Concept

4.3.3 Microcontroller Safety Concept

4.4 System Analyses

4.4.1 Methods for the System Analysis

4.4.2 Safety Analysis According to ISO 26262

4.4.2.1 Failure/Error Propagation

4.4.2.2 Error Propagation in the Horizontal and in the Vertical

4.4.2.3 Inductive Safety Analysis

4.4.2.4 Deductive Safety Analysis

4.4.2.5 Quantitative Safety Analysis

4.4.2.6 Architecture Metrics

4.4.2.7 Top Failure Metrics (Probabilistic Metric for Random Hardware Failure, PMHF)

4.4.2.8 Failure Metrics for Sensors or other Components

4.4.2.9 Analysis of Dependent Failures (ADF)

4.4.2.10 Safety Analysis in the Safety Lifecycle

4.4.3 Safety and Security Error Propagation

4.5 Verification During Development

4.6 Product Development at System Level

4.7 Product Development at Component Level

4.7.1 Mechanical Development

4.7.2 Electronic Development

4.7.3 Software Development

References

5 System Engineering in the Product Development

5.1 Product Realization

5.1.1 Product Design for Development

5.1.2 Mechanics

5.1.3 Electronics

5.1.4 Software

5.2 Functional Safety and Timing Constraints

5.2.1 Safety Aspects of Fault-Reaction-Time-Interval

5.2.2 Safety Aspects and Real-Time Systems

5.2.3 Timing and Determinism

5.2.4 Scheduling Aspects in Relation to Control-Flow and Data-Flow Monitoring

5.2.5 Safe Processing Environment

6 System Integration

6.1 Verifications and Tests

6.1.1 Basic Principles for Verifications and Tests

6.1.2 Verification based on Safety Analyses

6.1.3 Verification of Diverse Objectives such as Safety and Security

6.1.4 Test Methods

6.1.5 Integration of Technical Elements

6.2 Safety Validation

6.3 Model Based Development

6.3.1 Models for Functional Safety

6.3.2 Foundation for Models

6.3.3 Model Based Safety Analysis

6.4 Approvals/Releases

6.4.1 Process Releases

6.4.2 Release for Series Production

6.4.3 Production Part Approval Process (PPAP)

References

7 Confirmation of Functional Safety

7.1 Confirmation Reviews

7.2 Functional Safety Audits

7.3 Assessment of Functional Safety

7.4 Safety Case

References

Index