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Camera Traps in Animal Ecology - Methods and Analyses
von: Allan F. O'Connell, James D. Nichols, K. Ullas Karanth
Springer-Verlag, 2010
ISBN: 9784431994954 , 271 Seiten
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 181,89 EUR
Preface
6
Acknowledgments
10
About the Editors
12
Contents
14
Chapter 1: Introduction
16
1.1 Evolution of Camera Trapping
16
1.2 Book Organization and Chapter Summaries
18
References
23
Chapter 2: A History of Camera Trapping
24
2.1 Introduction
24
2.2 Early Developments
25
2.3 The Modern Era
27
2.4 Forest Carnivores
30
2.5 Expanding Applications
31
References
37
Chapter 3: Evaluating Types and Features of Camera Traps in Ecological Studies: A Guide for Researchers
42
3.1 Introduction
42
3.2 Benefits and Problems with Camera Traps in the Field: A Review
43
3.3 Types of Camera Traps
44
3.3.1 Non-triggered Camera Systems
46
3.3.2 Triggered Camera Traps
46
3.4 Camera Trap Features and Trade-offs Among Them
47
3.4.1 System Components
48
3.4.2 Housing
48
3.4.3 Software and Programming
50
3.4.4 Power
51
3.4.5 Camera Types
52
3.4.6 Camera and Lighting Options
52
3.5 Discussion
54
3.5.1 Working with Camera Traps in the Field
54
3.5.2 Emerging Technology
54
References
56
Chapter 4: Science, Conservation, and Camera Traps
59
4.1 Introduction
59
4.2 Science
60
4.2.1 Approaches to Science
60
4.2.2 Science and Camera Traps
62
4.3 Management/Conservation
63
4.3.1 Structured Decision-Making: Introduction
63
4.3.2 Structured Decision-Making: Components
64
4.3.3 Sources of Uncertainty
65
4.3.4 Adaptive Resource Management
66
4.3.5 Management, Conservation, and Camera Trapping
67
4.4 Discussion
67
References
68
Chapter 5: Behavior and Activity Patterns
71
5.1 Introduction
71
5.2 Traditional Techniques of Studying Animal Behavior and Activity
71
5.3 Advantages and Implications for Using Camera Traps
72
5.4 Case Studies
73
5.4.1 Circadian Rhythms
73
5.4.2 Nest Predation
75
5.4.3 Foraging
75
5.4.4 Niche Partitioning and Social Systems
77
5.4.5 Habitat and Corridor Usage
77
5.4.6 Refugia and Reproduction
78
5.4.7 Statistical Analyses
78
5.5 Future Applications for Camera Traps in Behavior Studies
79
References
79
Chapter 6: Abundance, Density and Relative Abundance: A Conceptual Framework
84
6.1 Introduction
84
6.2 Estimation of Abundance
85
Closed Capture–Recapture Models
88
Open Capture–Recapture Models
92
Mixed Time Scale Model
94
Estimation of Density
95
Relative Abundance Indices
101
References
106
Chapter 7: Estimating Tiger Abundance from Camera Trap Data: Field Surveys and Analytical Issues
110
7.1 Introduction
110
7.1.1 Camera Trap Studies of Tigers: Natural History and Science
110
7.1.2 Tiger Ecology in Relation to Abundance Estimation Issues
111
7.2 Equipment and Field Practices
112
7.2.1 Camera Traps and Related Equipment
112
7.2.2 Choice of Trap Sites
114
7.2.3 Accurately Recording Data
114
7.3 Survey Design Considerations
116
7.3.1 Season, Survey Duration and Population Closure
116
7.3.2 Spacing and Placement of Traps
117
7.3.3 Adequate Coverage of the Sampled Area
119
7.4 Data Analysis: Issues and Examples
122
7.4.1 The Approach to Analysis of Tiger Photo-Capture Data
122
7.4.2 Testing for Population Closure
123
7.4.3 Model Selection and Estimation of Tiger Abundance
123
7.4.4 Estimating the Sampled Area Size and Tiger Densities
125
7.5 Camera Trapping Tigers: Some General Comments
126
References
127
Chapter 8: Abundance/Density Case Study: Jaguars in the Americas
131
Introduction
131
Study Sites
132
Survey Design and Data Analysis
135
Results
140
Discussion
148
References
151
Chapter 9Estimation of Demographic Parameters in a Tiger Population from Long-term Camera Trap Data
157
9.1 Introduction
157
9.2 Tiger Behavior and Demography in Relation to Monitoring Issues
158
9.3 Identification of Tigers and Assignment of Age-Sex Classes
160
9.4 Data Analysis Issues
160
9.4.2 Model Selection
163
9.4.3 Software Options
164
9.5 Population Dynamics of Tigers in Nagarahole, India
164
9.6 Utility of Camera Trap Data for Assessing Population Dynamics
169
References
171
Chapter 10: Hierarchical Spatial Capture–Recapture Models for Estimating Density from Trapping Arrays
174
10.1 Introduction
174
10.2 Background
177
10.3 Model Formulation
178
10.3.1 Observation Models
181
10.3.1.1 Model 1: The Poisson Model
181
10.3.1.2 Model 2: The Binomial Encounter Model
182
10.3.1.3 Model 3: The Multinomial Observation Model
183
10.4 Analysis of the Models
184
10.4.1 Poisson Detection Frequencies
184
10 4.1.1 Model Extensions and Reductions by Sufficiency
185
10.4.2 Model 2: Bernoulli Encounter Process
185
10.4.3 Analysis of Simulated Data
186
10.5 Model Extension: Unknown s and N
187
10.6 Unknown N: Data Augmentation
189
10.6.1 Implementation
191
10.7 Application to Nagarahole Tiger Data
192
10.8 Demographically Open Systems
194
10.9 Summary and Discussion
197
References
200
Chapter 11: Inference for Occupancy and Occupancy Dynamics
202
11.1 Introduction
202
11.2 Occupancy in Animal Ecology
203
11.3 Model Framework, Assumptions and Analytical Options
204
11.4 Study Designs for Occupancy Models
207
11.5 Suggestions for Presenting Results of Occupancy Analysis
208
11.6 Occupancy Estimation with Camera Trap Data: Model Extensions
209
11.6.1 Multiple Methods and Multiple Scales
210
11.6.2 Species Co-Occurrence and Resource Partitioning
211
11.7 Recent Advances
212
11.7.1 Multistate Occupancy Models
212
11.7.2 Occupancy Models with Spatially Clustered Subunits
212
11.8 Concluding Remarks
213
References
214
Chapter 12: Species Richness and Community Dynamics: A Conceptual Framework
217
12.1 Introduction
217
12.2 Inference About Single Sites
222
12.2.1 Static Community at a Single Site
222
12.2.2 Dynamic Community at a Single Site
226
12.3 Inference About Multiple Sites
228
12.3.1 Static Metacommunity
228
12.3.2 Dynamic Metacommunity
234
12.4 Design Considerations
235
References
238
Chapter 13: Estimation of Species Richness of Large Vertebrates Using Camera Traps: An Example from an Indonesian Rainforest
242
13.1 Introduction
242
13.2 Camera Traps and Species Lists
246
13.3 Estimating and Monitoring Species Richness: An Example from Indonesia
248
13.3.1 Observed and Estimated Species Richness
249
13.3.2 Relative Species Richness
252
References
259
Chapter 14: Camera Traps in Animal Ecology and Conservation: What’s Next?
262
14.1 Introduction
262
14.2 Uses of Camera Trap Data
262
14.3 Camera Trap Equipment and Photographic Data
264
14.4 Statistical Inference Methods
265
14.4.1 Abundance and Density
265
14.4.2 Occupancy
267
14.4.3 Species Richness
269
14.5 Conclusions
269
References
270
Index
273
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