Small Animal Gastroenterology

Contents

Authors

Abbreviations

Preface

Part I Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Disorders

1 Diagnostic Tools

1.1 Clinical History

1.1.1 Introduction

1.1.2 History of specific gastrointestinal signs

1.1.3 Dietary history

1.2 Physical Examination

1.2.1 Introduction

1.2.2 General physical examination

1.2.3 Examination of the gastrointestinal tract

1.3 Diagnostic Imaging

1.3.1 Introduction

1.3.2 Oropharynx

1.3.3 Esophagus

1.3.4 Stomach

1.3.5 Small intestine

1.3.6 Large intestine

1.3.7 Liver and biliary tract

1.3.8 Pancreas

1.4 Laboratory Tests

1.4.1 Laboratory assessment of gastric disease

1.4.2 Laboratory tests for the diagnosis of intestinal disorders

1.4.3 Laboratory tests for the diagnosis of liver disease

1.4.4 Laboratory tests for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic disorders

1.4.5 Molecular-genetics-based laboratory tests

1.5 Endoscopy

1.5.1 Introduction

1.5.2 Indications

1.5.3 Basic principles of endoscopy

1.5.4 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

1.5.5 Colonoileoscopy

1.5.6 Proctoscopy

1.5.7 Diagnostic procedures

1.5.8 Appearance of the upper gastrointestinal tract

1.5.9 Interventional procedures

1.6 Diagnostic Laparoscopy

1.6.1 Introduction

1.6.2 Indications

1.6.3 Laparoscopic equipment and technique

1.6.4 Biopsy techniques

1.6.5 Ancillary procedures

1.7 Cytology

1.7.1 Introduction

1.7.2 Technique

1.7.3 Liver

1.7.4 Pancreas

1.7.5 Stomach and intestines

1.8 Histopathology

1.8.1 Introduction

1.8.2 Types of gastrointestinal biopsies

1.8.3 Advantages and disadvantages

1.8.5 Interpretation and misinterpretation of GI tract biopsies

1.9 Assessment of Gastrointestinal Motility

1.9.1 Disorders of gastrointestinal motility

1.9.2 Methods for assessing gastrointestinal motility

2 Clinical Evaluation of Dogs and Cats with Specific Clinical Signs

2.1 Clinical Evaluation of Patients with Acute Signs of Gastrointestinal Disease

2.1.1 Introduction

2.1.2 Diagnostic evaluation of vomiting

2.1.3 Diagnostic evaluation of acute diarrhea

2.2 Clinical Evaluation of Patients with Chronic Vomiting

2.2.1 Introduction

2.2.2 Initial evaluation

2.2.3 Diagnostic approach

2.2.4 Secondary gastrointestinal

2.2.5 Primary gastrointestinal disease

2.3 Clinical Evaluation of Patients with Chronic Diarrhea

2.3.1 Introduction

2.3.2 General workup

2.3.3 Division of patients according to the findings on initial evaluation

2.4 Clinical Evaluation of Patients with Chronic Weight Loss

2.4.1 Introduction

2.4.2 Pathophysiology

2.4.3 Etiology

2.4.4 Diagnosis

Part II Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract

3 Esophagus

3.1 Anatomy

3.2 Physiology

3.3 Diseases of the Esophagus

3.3.1 Cricopharyngeal achalasia

3.3.2 Esophagitis

3.3.3 Gastroesophageal reflux

3.3.4 Esophageal foreign bodies

3.3.5 Esophageal strictures

3.3.6 Esophageal diverticula

3.3.7 Airway-esophageal fistula

3.3.8 Megaesophagus

3.3.9 Hiatal hernia

3.3.10 Gastroesophageal intussusception

3.3.11 Vascular ring anomalies

3.3.12 Neoplastic conditions of the esophagus

4 Stomach

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Anatomy

4.3 Gastric physiology

4.3.1 Gastric glands

4.3.2 Gastric secretion

4.3.3 The gastric mucosal barrier

4.4 Diseases of the Stomach

4.4.1 Gastritis

4.4.2 Gastric dilation-volvulus

4.4.3 Motility disorders

4.4.4 Neoplastic conditions of the stomach

5 Small Intestine

5.1 Anatomy

5.1.1 Introduction

5.1.2 Gross anatomy of the intestinal tract

5.2 Intestinal Physiology

5.2.1 Introduction

5.2.2 Secretion, digestion, and villus

5.2.3 Regulation of secretion, absorption, and motility: gastrointestinal hormones

5.2.4 Gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the immune system

5.2.5 Intestinal bacteria

5.3 Small Intestinal Disease

5.3.1 Introduction

5.3.2 Infectious causes of small intestinal disease

5.3.3 Dietary indiscretion (garbage can intoxication)

5.3.4 Intestinal obstruction – intestinal foreign bodies, intussusception and intestinal torsion,

5.3.5 Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE)

5.3.6 Short bowel syndrome

5.3.7 Motility disorders

5.3.8 Alterations in the small intestinal microflora (Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth)

5.3.9 Protein-losing enteropathies

5.3.10 Neoplastic diseases of the small intestines

6 Large Intestine

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Anatomy

6.3 Physiology

6.3.1 Motility

6.3.2 Water and electrolyte transport

6.3.3 Mucus secretion

6.3.4 Colonic microflora

6.3.5 Immune function

6.4 Diseases of the Large Intestine

6.4.1 Whipworms

6.4.2 Colitis

6.4.3 Irritable bowel syndrome

6.4.4 Fiber-responsive large bowel diarrhea

6.4.5 Feline megacolon

6.4.6 Neoplastic diseases of the large intestines

7 Liver

7.1 Anatomy

7.1.1 Biliary system

7.1.2 Blood supply

7.1.3 Microanatomy

7.2 Physiology

7.3 Diagnostic approach to patients function of many extrahepatic tissues, so that hepatic disease

7.3.1 Prevalence of liver disease

7.3.2 Symptoms associated with liver diseases

7.3.3 Physical examination

7.3.4 Diagnostic tests for liver disease

7.3.5 Liver biopsy

7.4 Complications of liver disease

7.4.1 Ascites

7.4.2 Jaundice

7.4.3 Hepatic encephalopathy

7.4.4 Coagulopathies

7.4.5 Polyuria and polydipsia

7.5 Liver diseases of the dog

7.5.1 Parenchymal liver diseases of the dog

7.5.2 Parenchymal changes of the liver during systemic disease

7.5.3 Vascular diseases of the liver

7.5.4 Diseases of the biliary tract

7.5.5 Neoplastic conditions of the liver

7.6 Liver diseases in the cat

7.6.1 Parenchymal liver diseases in cats

7.6.2 Vascular liver diseases in cats

7.6.3 Diseases of the biliary system in cats

7.6.4 Neoplasia

8 Exocrine Pancreas

8.1 Anatomy

8.2 Physiology

8.3 Diseases of the exocrine pancreas

8.3.1 Pancreatitis

8.3.2 Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

8.3.3 Exocrine pancreatic neoplasia

8.3.4 Rare diseases of the exocrine pancreas

9 Diseases that affect more than one Organ of the Gastrointestinal Tract

9.1 Adverse Reactions to Food – Allergy versus Intolerance

9.1.1 Introduction

9.1.2 Terminology

9.1.3 Etiopathogenesis of food allergy

9.1.4 Food allergies

9.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease

9.2.1 Introduction

9.2.2 Common principles of IBD

9.2.3 Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE)

9.2.4 Lymphoplasmacytic colitis (LPC)

9.2.5 Basenji enteropathy

9.2.6 Familial PLE and PLN in Softcoated Wheaten Terriers

9.2.7 Eosinophilic enteritis (EE)

9.2.8 Granulomatous enteritis

9.2.9 Histiocytic ulcerative colitis (HUC)

9.2.10 Proliferative enteritis

9.3 Gastrointestinal Lymphoma

9.3.1 Feline gastrointestinal lymphoma

9.3.2 Canine gastrointestinal lymphoma

9.4 Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract

9.4.1 Introduction

9.4.2 Insulinoma

9.4.3 Gastrinoma

9.4.4 Glucagonoma

9.4.5 Pancreatic polypeptidoma

9.4.6 Carcinoids

9.4.7 Other neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract

Subject Index