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Liner Conferences in Competition Law - A Comparative Analysis of European and Chinese Law
191110_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF.pdf
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Liner Conferences in Competition Law
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Preface
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Summary Contents
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Contents
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Abbreviations
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191110_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf
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Introduction
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191110_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf
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Chapter I: Maritime Policy and Regulation
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A. Maritime Policy and Regulation in the EU
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I. The First Stage: From the Ground of the EEC to the Adoption of the UNCTAD Liner Code
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1. European “Self-Regulation”
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2. Development of Common Policy in Maritime Transport: Inside and Outside
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3. The UNCTAD Liner Code and the Brussels Package
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II. The Second Stage: 1986 Package of Regulations
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1. The 1985 Commission Communication on Shipping Policy
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2. The 1986 Package of Regulations
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III. The Third Stage: New Dimensions and Legislation on Consortia
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1. New Dimensions of Maritime Policy
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2. Legislation on Consortia
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IV. The Fourth Stage: Review of Regulation 4056/86 and Adoption of Regulation 1419/2006 and Regulation 1490/2007
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1. The OECD Report 2002
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2. The Review of Regulation 4056/86
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3. Adoption of Regulation 1419/2006
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4. Adoption of Regulation 1490/2007
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B. Maritime Policy and Regulation in China
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I. China’s Maritime Transport Industry: 1949–1977
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1. Initiation of International Maritime Transport
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2. Establishment and Development of the National Maritime Merchant Fleet
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II. Development of Maritime Policy: 1978–2001
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1. Industry Policy and Reform of SOEs in Maritime Transport Sector
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a. General Review of Development
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b. Industry Policy
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c. Separation of Governmental Administration and SOEs Management
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2. Sector Administration and Legislation in the Maritime Transport Sector
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a. Administration Reform and Strengthening of Legislation
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b. Market Opening and Market Access
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c. Cargo Reservation
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d. Port Services
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e. Auxiliary Services
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3. The Chinese National Maritime Fleet
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III. Development and Legislation after China’s WTO Accession
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1. China’s WTO Accession
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a. A History Review
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b. China’s Specific Accession Commitments on Maritime Transport Services
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c. MFN Exemptions in View of Maritime Transport Services
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2. Maritime Legislation
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a. Administrative Regulations on International Maritime Transportation
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b. Provisions on the Administration of Foreign Investment in International Maritime Transportation
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c. Legislation on Ports
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IV. International Convention and the UNCTAD Liner Code
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1. Reasons for China’s Ratification of International Maritime Conventions
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2. Legal Status and Applicability of International Maritime Conventions Ratified by China
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a. General Review of Chinese Legal System
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b. Legal Status and Applicability of International Maritime Conventions
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c. The UNCTAD Liner Code
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C. Conclusion
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191110_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf
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Chapter II: General and Sector-SpecificCompetition Rules in Force
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A. Community Competition Rules in Maritime Transport and Regulation 4056/86
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I. Politicization of Community Competition Rules in Maritime Transport
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II. Regulation 17 and Regulation 141
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III. Development by Community Case Law
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IV. Regulation 4056/86: Incompatibility with the EC Treaty from the Legislative Point of View
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B. General and Sector-Specific Competition Rules in Maritime Transport in China
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I. Regime of Competition Regulation in Maritime Transport
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1. Critique of Maritime Legislation in China
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2. Competition Regulation relating to Liner Conferences
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a. RIMT
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b. IRRIMT
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c. MOC-Notice 2007
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II. Applicability of General Competition Rules
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1. Competition Legislation: General Overview
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2. Law Against Unfair Competition (LAUC)
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a. Background
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b. Applicability to Competition Regulation of Liner Conferences
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3. Price Regulation
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a. Background
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b. Pricing Law and Implementation Rules
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c. Pricing Monopolies under Article 2 PRCPM
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d. Applicability to Competition Regulation of Liner Conferences
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C. Conclusion
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191110_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf
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Chapter III: Scope of Application of Sector-Specific Regulation of Liner Conferences
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A. Scope of Application of Regulation 4056/86
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I. Objective Scope
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1. Maritime Transport
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2. Exclusion of Tramp Vessel Services
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II. Territorial Scope
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1. International Maritime Transport
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2. Effect on Trade between Member States
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3. Cabotage
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4. Exclusion of Maritime Transport between Ports outside the EU
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B. Scope of Application of the RIMT and the IRRIMT
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I. Objective Scope
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II. Territorial Scope
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C. Conclusion
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191110_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf
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Chapter IV: Exemption and Prohibition Provisions Concerning Liner Conferences
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A. Exemption Provisions of Regulation 4056/86
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I. Definition of Liner Conferences
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1. Vessel-Operating Carriers under Agreement or Arrangement
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2. International Liner Services within Specified Geographical Limitation
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3. Uniform or Common Freight Rates
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II. Exemption under Article 3 of Regulation 4056/86
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1. General Review
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2. Agreements with Reference to Participating Undertaking
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a. Agreements between Various Liner Conferences
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b. “Tolerated Outsider Agreements”
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3. Objective Contents of Agreements Covered by Article 3 of Regulation 4056/86
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a. Systematic Review
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b. Fixing of Rates and Conditions
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c. Inland Price Fixing and Multimodal Transport
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d. Capacity Management Programs
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e. Is the List of Agreements in Article 3 of Regulation 4056/86 Conclusive?
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4. Article 2 of Regulation 4056/86
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5. Article 6 of Regulation 4056/86
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III. Conditions under Article 4 of Regulation 4056/86
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1. Non-Discrimination
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2. Severability
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IV. Obligations under Article 5 of Regulation 4056/86
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1. General Overview
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2. Consultations with Transport Users
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3. Loyalty Arrangements
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a. Definition and Classification
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b. Service Contract
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c. Requirements
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4. Inland Transport Operations and Quayside Services Not Coveredby the Freight Charge
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5. Availability of Tariffs
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6. Notification to the Commission of Awards at Arbitration and Recommendations of Conciliator
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B. Competition Regulation of Liner Conferences under RIMT/IRRIMT
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I. Definition of Liner Conferences
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1. Definition of Liner Conferences
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2. Definition of Liner Conference Agreements
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3. Definitions of Other Forms of Agreements in Liner Services
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II. Filing Requirements on Liner Conferences
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1. General Provisions on Liner Shipping Undertakings
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a. Filing of Operation
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b. Filing of Freight Rates
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c. Filing of Liaison Office and Resident Representative
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2. Specific Provisions on Liner Conferences
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a. Article 22 RIMT and Article 32 IRRIMT
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b. MOC-Notice 2007
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III. Legal Nature of Liner Conferences and Applicability of Competition Rules
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1. General Legitimization of Liner Conferences
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2. Discussion of the Applicability of Competition Rules
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a. General Competition Rules
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b. RIMT and IRRIMT
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c. MOC-Notice 2007
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C. Conclusion
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191110_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf
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Chapter V: Regulatory Procedure
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A. Procedural Rules in the EU: Reform and Application
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I. Regulation 4056/86 in Relation to Regulation 17
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II. Regulation 4056/86 in Relation to Regulation 1/2003
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1. Regulation 1/2003: Modernization of Community Procedural Rules
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a. The Need for Reform: From Regulation 17 to Regulation 1/2003
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b. Main Features of Regulation 1/2003
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2. Self-Regulation in Regulation 4056/86: From Notification in Regulation 17 to Legal Exception in Regulation 1/2003
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III. System of Legal Exception and Monitoring Procedure in Regulation 4056/86
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1. Ex Post Regulation in the System of Legal Exception
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a. Undertakings’ Responsibility of Self-Assessment
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b. The Competition Authorities’ Competence in ex post Control
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c. The European Commission’s Findings of Inapplicability
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2. Block Exemption in Article 29 of Regulation 1/2003
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3. Monitoring Procedure in Regulation 4056/86
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a. Article 7 of Regulation 4056/86
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b. Article 8 of Regulation 4056/86
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IV. Enforcement of Procedural Rules on Liner Conferences
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1. The European Commission as Enforcement Organisation
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2. Initiation of Proceedings: From Regulation 4056/86 to Regulation 1/2003
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a. The European Commission’s Own Initiative
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b. Complaints
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c. Clearance Requests
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3. Powers of Investigation
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a. Investigative Powers
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b. Information Request on NCAs
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c. Information Request on Undertakings
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d. On-the-Spot Investigation
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e. Interview and Statements
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f. Sector Enquiry
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g. Confidentiality and Professional Secrecy in Article 28 of Regulation 1/2003
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4. The Right to be Heard
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5. Cooperation between Authorities and Courts: Community and Member States
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a. Cooperation between the European Commission and NCAs
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b. Cooperation with National Courts
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6. Commission Decisions
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a. Cease-and-Desist Orders
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b. Interim Measures
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c. Commitments
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d. Publication
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7. Fines
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a. Categories of Fines
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b. Addressees
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c. “Non-criminal” Nature and Limitation Periods
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d. Amount of Fines and Determination
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8. Judicial Review
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B. China’s Procedural Rules of Competition Regulation on Liner Conferences
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I. Initiation of Investigation
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II. Investigation Authorities and Investigation Committee
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1. Ministry of Communications (MOC)
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2. A New Regulatory Authority: Ministry of Transport
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3. Investigation Authorities
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III. Investigation Procedure
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1. Initiation and Duration of Investigation
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2. Right and Obligation of a Person under Investigation
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3. Scope of Investigation
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4. The Right to be Heard
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5. Consultative Experts
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6. Administrative Decision and Legal Remedy
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a. Comparison with the General Penalty Provisions
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b. Legal Remedy
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C. Conclusion
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191110_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf
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Chapter VI: Future Perspectives after the Change of the Regulation Regime
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A. Liner Shipping beyond the Expiration of Block Exemption in the EU
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I. Incompatibility of Regulation 4056/86 with Articles 81 and 82 EC: A Substantive Review
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1. Decision Practice and Systematic Review
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a. Restrictive Interpretation in Decision Practices
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b. A Systematic Review in the Light of Articles 81 and 82 EC
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2. Economic or Technical Advantage
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a. General Review
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b. Liner Conferences
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3. A Fair Share of Benefits for Consumers
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a. General Review
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b. Liner Conferences
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4. Indispensable Nature of the Restrictions on Competition
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a. General Review
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b. Liner Conferences
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5. No Substantial Elimination of Internal Competition
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a. General Review
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b. Liner Conferences
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6. External Competition in Relation to Abuse of Collective Dominance
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a. General Review
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b. Liner Conferences
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II. Beyond Regulation 1419/2006
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1. Regulation 1419/2006
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2. Block Exemption for Consortia: Regulation 823/2000
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a. General Review
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b. Scope of Application and Definition
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c. Block Exemption
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d. Conditions and Obligations
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3. Guidelines on the Application of Article 81 EC to Maritime Transport Services
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a. General Introduction
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b. The Information Exchange System
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B. Liner Conferences after the Adoption of the Anti-Monopoly Law in China
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I. Antitrust Investigation in Practice: Investigation of the Terminal Handling Charges (THC)
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1. Introduction
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2. Background of the THC Investigation
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3. The Investigation Process
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4. The THC Decision
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5. Comment on the THC Investigation
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a. Substantive Aspects
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b. Procedural Aspects
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II. Anti-Monopoly Law
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1. Introduction
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2. General Overview
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a. Aim and Principles
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b. Extraterritorial Application
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3. Substantive Rules of “Anti-Monopoly”
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a. General Overview
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b. Monopoly Agreements
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c. Abuse of Dominant Position
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d. Liner Conferences
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4. Anti-Monopoly Investigation
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a. Anti-Monopoly Authorities
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b. Investigation Procedures
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c. Liner Conferences
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5. Legal Liability
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a. Administrative Sanctions and Liability for Civil Damages
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b. Liner Conferences
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6. Legal Remedy
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C. Conclusion
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191110_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf
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Chapter VII: Conclusion
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191110_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF.pdf
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Bibliography
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Documents
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Books, Reports, Papers and Articles
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Table of Legislations, Cases and Decisions
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The European Community
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Regulations
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Table of Cases
316
Decisions of the European Commission
320
The People’s Republic of China
321
Legislations, Notices and Decisions
321
Other Judicial Cases
326
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